An audit of breast cancer in patients 40 years and younger in two Johannesburg academic hospitals.

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in females, usually diagnosed after the age of 50 years. There is a perceived increase in breast cancer cases in young women in two public sector Johannesburg academic hospitals; however, there is a shortage of data to confirm this.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess data on breast cancer in young patients and determine any increase in the number of cases in patients 40 years and younger.

Social Isolation Activates Dormant Mammary Tumors, and Modifies Inflammatory and Mitochondrial Metabolic Pathways in the Rat Mammary Gland.

Although multifactorial in origin, one of the most impactful consequences of social isolation is an increase in breast cancer mortality. How this happens is unknown, but many studies have shown that social isolation increases circulating inflammatory cytokines and impairs mitochondrial metabolism. Using a preclinical Sprague Dawley rat model of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, we investigated whether social isolation impairs the response to tamoxifen therapy and increases the risk of tumors emerging from dormancy, and thus their recurrence.

Evaluating the Clinical Realism of Synthetic Chest X-Rays Generated Using Progressively Growing GANs.

Chest X-rays are a vital diagnostic tool in the workup of many patients. Similar to most medical imaging modalities, they are profoundly multi-modal and are capable of visualising a variety of combinations of conditions. There is an ever pressing need for greater quantities of labelled images to drive forward the development of diagnostic tools; however, this is in direct opposition to concerns regarding patient confidentiality which constrains access through permission requests and ethics approvals.

Characterizing breast conditions at an open-access breast clinic in South Africa: a model that is more than cancer care for a resource-limited setting.

Background: While most breast-related research focuses on cancer, presentation of symptomatic persons in non-screened environments requires understanding the spectrum of breast diseases so as to plan services in resource-constrained settings. This study presents the variety of breast disease managed at a government, open-access breast clinic in South Africa.

Methods: We performed a retrospective file review using a systematic random sample of patients 18 years and above presenting for breast care over a 14-month period.

Primary breast lymphoma: a rare entity.

In the past two decades there has been an increase in the incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin disease. This has been accompanied by an increase in the numbers of extranodal lymphoma. Despite this primary breast lymphoma is a rare disease.