Glatiramer Acetate Complexes CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides into Nanoparticles and Boosts Their TLR9-Driven Immunity.

Unmethylated cytosine-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) have a storied history as agonists for Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). CpG ODNs have shown promising antitumor effects in preclinical studies by inducing potent proinflammatory immune responses. However, clinical success has been hindered by inconsistent efficacy and immune-related toxicities caused by systemic exposure to CpG ODNs.