Red ear syndrome: a case series and review of the literature.

Background: Red Ear Syndrome is a burning sensation and erythema of the ear, associated with a various number of disorders including migraine, trigeminal neuralgia, autoimmune disorders etc. Theories for RES pathophysiology have developed from current understandings of comorbid conditions. Characterizing the underlying mechanism of RES is crucial for defining effective treatments.

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) acts in the nucleus accumbens to reduce hedonic drive.

Obesity develops, in part, due to frequent overconsumption. Therefore, it is important to identify the regulatory mechanisms that promote eating beyond satiety. Previously, we have demonstrated that an acute microinjection of the neuropeptide PACAP into the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) attenuates palatable food consumption in satiated rats.