Pharmacists' Answer to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Contribution of the Federal Retail Pharmacy Program to COVID-19 vaccination across Sociodemographic Characteristics-United States.

Background: The Federal Retail Pharmacy Program (FRPP) integrated pharmacies as partners in the national effort to maximize vaccination during the COVID-19 public health emergency.

Objective: The objective of this study was to quantify the contribution of pharmacies participating in FRPP to COVID-19 vaccination efforts during December 2020-September 2023 across sociodemographic groups in the United States.

Methods: Data on COVID-19 vaccine doses administered reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention by FRPP and jurisdictional immunization information systems of all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and U.

Vaccines against mpox: MVA-BN and LC16m8.

Introduction: Global outbreaks involving mpox clade IIb began in mid-2022. Today, clade IIb and clade I outbreaks continue. Reliable mpox vaccines can prevent serious mpox disease and death.

Pharmacist assessments and care to improve adult vaccination rates: A report from project IMPACT vaccine confidence.

Background: Neglect of vaccination needs among adults results in a needless burden of hospitalization, suffering, and death. America's community pharmacists deliver a substantial portion of adult vaccinations, yet many Americans still have unmet vaccination needs.

Objectives: This study evaluated rates of vaccine contraindications, acceptance, and willingness to be vaccinated among ambulatory adults.

Effect of an Innovative Immunization Practice Model to Improve Population Health: Results of the Project IMPACT Immunizations Scaled Demonstration.

U.S. adult vaccination rates remain low.

Evaluating risk of bias using ROBINS-I tool in nonrandomized studies of adjuvanted influenza vaccine.

Seasonal variation in influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) makes real-world evidence (RWE) useful in supplementing the clinical-evidence base from randomized clinical trials. Adjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccine (aIIV) VE has been evaluated in multiple nonrandomized RWE studies. A systematic literature review of RWE studies evaluating the absolute or relative VE of aIIV was conducted.

Pharmacy on the front lines: A century of pandemic response in America.

The history of American pharmacy contributions to pandemic responses can be described for five pandemics: 1918 (influenza A/H1N1 virus), 1957-1958 (H2N2 virus), 1968 (H3N2 virus), 2009 (H1N1pdm09 virus), and 2019-2023 (syndrome coronavirus-2 virus). Using historical surveillance data and published literature, this article provides opportunities to reflect on how the pharmacy profession played a role in preparedness and response.

Global geotemporal distribution of chikungunya disease, 2011-2022.

Background: Chikungunya virus is a mosquito-borne alphavirus, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Humans serve as the primary reservoir. Chikungunya infections typically appear with an abrupt onset of fever, rash, and severe joint pain.

Women in pharmacy: Pearls of wisdom from the 2022 inductees and contemporary leaders.

In 2012, the American Pharmacists Association Foundation (APhAF) recognized 17 women and three organizations for their work as pioneers and leaders among female pharmacists. In 2022, the APhAF selected ten additional leaders among contemporary women in American pharmacy to be honored in the Women in Pharmacy Exhibit and Conference Room on the top floor of the American Pharmacists Association (APhA) headquarters building in Washington, D.C.

Essential services: Quantifying the contributions of America's pharmacists in COVID-19 clinical interventions.

Background: As the COVID-19 pandemic spread across the United States, America's pharmacists and their teammates expanded their clinical services to help their communities from every practice setting: community and ambulatory care, inpatient, long-term care, academia, public health, and many others.

Objectives: The objective of the study is to begin to quantify contributions of U.S.

Vaccine humanity.

Vaccines to help prevent COVID-19 disease have evoked myriad human emotions. Attitudes of the public toward vaccination can be grouped into hundreds of categories. Pharmacists need to recognize the many elements of what may be termed "vaccine humanity," a complex tangle of human responses.

Pharmacy-based interventions to increase vaccine uptake: report of a multidisciplinary stakeholders meeting.

Background: Despite the existence of efficacious vaccines, the burden of vaccine-preventable diseases remains high and the potential health benefits of paediatric, adolescent and adult vaccination are not being achieved due to suboptimal vaccine coverage rates. Based on emerging evidence that pharmacy-based vaccine interventions are feasible and effective, the European Interdisciplinary Council for Ageing (EICA) brought together stakeholders from the medical and pharmacy professions, the pharmaceutical industry, patient/ageing organisations and health authorities to consider the potential for pharmacy-based interventions to increase vaccine uptake. We report here the proceedings of this 3-day meeting held in March 2018 in San Servolo island, Venice, Italy, focussing firstly on examples from countries that have introduced pharmacy-based vaccination programmes, and secondly, listing the barriers and solutions proposed by the discussion groups.

outbreaks and implications for transmission and control: a systematic review.

Background: is capable of causing multiple infectious syndromes and occasionally causes outbreaks. The objective of this review is to update prior outbreak reviews, identify control measures, and comment on transmission.

Methods: We conducted a review of published outbreaks, defined as at least two linked cases of .

Proportion of adult community-acquired pneumonia cases attributable to Streptococcus pneumoniae among Hajj pilgrims in 2016.

Background: The Hajj mass gathering is a risk for pneumococcal disease. This study was performed to evaluate the proportion of adult community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) cases attributable to Streptococcus pneumoniae among Hajj pilgrims in 2016. To add sensitivity to etiological attribution, a urine antigen test was used in addition to culture-based methods.

Trends in the Numbers of US Colleges of Pharmacy and Their Graduates, 1900 to 2014.

Objective. To describe the cumulative and contemporary numbers of colleges and schools of pharmacy between 1900 and 2014 based on membership in the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy or its predecessor, the American Conference of Pharmaceutical Faculties, as well as the mean number of graduates among member schools each year. Methods.

Vaccination of adults with 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine induces robust antibody responses against pneumococcal serotypes associated with serious clinical outcomes.

PNEUMOVAX™ 23, a 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (PPV23), covers 65% to 91% of the isolates recovered from adult cases of invasive pneumococcal disease. Several studies have demonstrated that pneumococcal serotypes 31, 11A, 35F, 17F, 3, 16F, 19F, 15B, and 10A are associated with higher case-fatality or meningitis rates than other pneumococcal serotypes. This study (U05-PnPS-403; EudraCT: 2008-003648-12) evaluated the immune response followings administration of PPV23 for 4 of these serotypes (10A, 11A, 15B, and 17F), that are included in PPV23 but not in licensed pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.

Treatment of ebola virus disease.

In March 2014, the largest Ebola outbreak in history exploded across West Africa. As of November 14, 2014, the World Health Organization has reported a total of 21,296 Ebola virus disease (EVD) cases, including 13,427 laboratory-confirmed EVD cases reported from the three most affected countries (Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone). As the outbreak of EVD has spread, clinical disease severity and national EVD case-fatality rates have remained high (21.

Interwoven support: an historical survey of US federal programs enabling immunization.

The US Government (USG) can date its involvement with immunization to military and civilian efforts in 1777 and 1813 to prevent smallpox. USG involvement began accelerating with federal licensing of vaccine and antibody manufacturers in 1903. In addition to ongoing regulation of manufacturing and product quality, military and civilian arms of the USG have led research efforts into new or improved vaccines.

Cost-effectiveness of pneumococcal vaccines for adults in the United States.

Introduction: In 2012, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) revised recommendations for adult pneumococcal vaccination to include a sequential regimen of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) followed by 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) for certain high-risk adults with immunocompromising conditions. This study, from a payer perspective, examined: (1) the cost-effectiveness of the new 2012 ACIP vaccine policy recommendation relative to the 1997 ACIP recommendation; (2) the cost-effectiveness of potential future pneumococcal vaccination policies; and (3) key assumptions that influence study results.

Methods: A static cohort model that incorporated costs, health outcomes, and quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) losses associated with invasive pneumococcal disease and non-bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia (NBPP) was developed to evaluate seven pneumococcal vaccination strategies for a 50-year-old adult cohort over a 50-year period using incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs).

Differences in serious clinical outcomes of infection caused by specific pneumococcal serotypes among adults.

Background: Infections due to Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes differ in clinical manifestations among adults, varying in propensity for severity, invasiveness, and lethality. To characterize differences in serious outcomes between pneumococcal serotypes, we systematically reviewed the literature.

Methods: After distilling 676 hits to 28 relevant articles, statistically significant differences in individual serotypes associated with serious clinical outcomes were assessed.

Pneumococcal serotype diversity among adults in various countries, influenced by pediatric pneumococcal vaccination uptake.

Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes differ in clinical manifestations among adults. Indirect effects of pediatric use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) affect rates of adult serotype-specific invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). To characterize PCV effect on adult serotype patterns, we reviewed the literature for differences in proportions and incidence matching the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) and 13-valent PCV within specified geographic and time conditions.

What the world's religions teach, applied to vaccines and immune globulins.

For millennia, humans have sought and found purpose, solace, values, understanding, and fellowship in religious practices. Buddhist nuns performed variolation against smallpox over 1000 years ago. Since Jenner developed vaccination against smallpox in 1796, some people have objected to and declined vaccination, citing various religious reasons.

A century of pneumococcal vaccination research in humans.

Sir Almroth Wright coordinated the first trial of a whole-cell pneumococcal vaccine in South Africa from 1911 to 1912. Wright started a chain of events that delivered pneumococcal vaccines of increasing clinical and public-health value, as medicine advanced from a vague understanding of the germ theory of disease to today's rational vaccine design. Early whole-cell pneumococcal vaccines mimicked early typhoid vaccines, as early pneumococcal antisera mimicked the first diphtheria antitoxins.