Assessing serial recall as a measure of artificial grammar learning.

Introduction: Implicit statistical learning is, by definition, learning that occurs without conscious awareness. However, measures that putatively assess implicit statistical learning often require explicit reflection, for example, deciding if a sequence is 'grammatical' or 'ungrammatical'. By contrast, 'processing-based' tasks can measure learning without requiring conscious reflection, by measuring processes that are facilitated by implicit statistical learning.

Effect of phosphorus limitation on Se uptake efficiency in the microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica.

Microalgae are considered an efficient accumulator and promising source of Se for feed additive purposes. This study aimed at investigating, for the first time, the effect of phosphorus limitation on Se accumulation and uptake efficiency in N.oceanica.

[The hidden risks of screening].

With screening the natural course of disease should be altered to reduce mortality from that disease. Screening offers very little benefit but has many disadvantages like false-positives, overdiagnosis and psychological distress. The advocates of screening overestimate the importance of the disease and the effects of screening but neglect the disadvantages.

Population median imputation was noninferior to complex approaches for imputing missing values in cardiovascular prediction models in clinical practice.

Objectives: To compare the validity and robustness of five methods for handling missing characteristics when using cardiovascular disease risk prediction models for individual patients in a real-world clinical setting.

Study Design And Setting: The performance of the missing data methods was assessed using data from the Swedish National Diabetes Registry (n = 419,533) with external validation using the Scottish Care Information - diabetes database (n = 226,953). Five methods for handling missing data were compared.

Impact of a Patient's Baseline Risk on the Relative Benefit and Harm of a Preventive Treatment Strategy: Applying Trial Results in Clinical Decision Making.

Background For translating an overall trial result into an individual patient's expected absolute treatment effect, differences in relative treatment effect between patients need to be taken into account. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether relative treatment effects of medication in 2 large contemporary trials are influenced by multivariable baseline risk of an individual patient. Methods and Results In 9361 patients from SPRINT (Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial), risk of major adverse cardiovascular events was assessed using a newly derived risk model.

Low-grade inflammation as a risk factor for cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Background: Type 2 diabetes is a condition associated with a state of low-grade inflammation caused by adipose tissue dysfunction and insulin resistance. High sensitive-CRP (hs-CRP) is a marker for systemic low-grade inflammation and higher plasma levels have been associated with cardiovascular events in various populations. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the relation between hs-CRP and incident cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in high-risk type 2 diabetes patients.

Prediction of Lifetime and 10-Year Risk of Cancer in Individual Patients With Established Cardiovascular Disease.

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer share many common risk factors; patients with CVD also may be at risk of developing cancer.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to derive and externally validate prediction models for the estimation of lifetime and 10-year risk for total, colorectal, and lung cancer in patients with established CVD.

Methods: Data from patients with established CVD from the UCC-SMART cohort (N = 7,280) were used for model development, and from the CANTOS trial (N = 9,322) for model validation.

Communicating personalised statin therapy-effects as 10-year CVD-risk or CVD-free life-expectancy: does it improve decisional conflict? Three-armed, blinded, randomised controlled trial.

Objective: To determine whether communicating personalised statin therapy-effects obtained by prognostic algorithm leads to lower decisional conflict associated with statin use in patients with stable cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared with standard (non-personalised) therapy-effects.

Design: Hypothesis-blinded, three-armed randomised controlled trial SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: 303 statin users with stable CVD enrolled in a cohort INTERVENTION: Participants were randomised in a 1:1:1 ratio to standard practice (control-group) or one of two intervention arms. Intervention arms received standard practice plus (1) a , (2) educational videos and (3) a structured telephone consultation.

Impact of green tea on the deleterious cardiometabolic effects of 7-days unhealthy lifestyle in young healthy males.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine if catechin-rich green tea abrogates the negative effects of 7-days of physical inactivity and excessive calorie-intake on insulin homeostasis and peripheral vascular function.

Methods: Using a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, twelve healthy men (29 ± 6 yrs) underwent 7-days unhealthy lifestyle (UL), including physical inactivity (-50% steps/day) and overfeeding (+50% kcal/day). This was combined with green tea consumption (UL-tea; 3 doses/day) or placebo (UL-placebo).

Added value of cardiovascular calcifications for prediction of recurrent cardiovascular events and cardiovascular interventions in patients with established cardiovascular disease.

The purpose is to investigate the added prognostic value of coronary artery calcium (CAC), thoracic aortic calcium (TAC), and heart valve calcium scores for prediction of a combined endpoint of recurrent major cardiovascular events and cardiovascular interventions (MACE +) in patients with established cardiovascular disease (CVD). In total, 567 patients with established CVD enrolled in a substudy of the UCC-SMART cohort, entailing cardiovascular CT imaging and calcium scoring, were studied. Five Cox proportional hazards models for prediction of 4-year risk of MACE + were developed; traditional CVD risk predictors only (model I), with addition of CAC (model II), TAC (model III), heart valve calcium (model IV), and all calcium scores (model V).

Predicting 10-year risk of recurrent cardiovascular events andcardiovascular interventions in patients with established cardiovascular disease: results from UCC-SMART and REACH.

Background: Existing cardiovascular risk scores for patients with established cardiovascular disease (CVD) estimate residual risk of recurrent major cardiovascular events (MACE). The aim of the current study is to develop and externally validate a prediction model to estimate the 10-year combined risk of recurrent MACE and cardiovascular interventions (MACE+) in patients with established CVD.

Methods: Data of patients with established CVD from the UCC-SMART cohort (N = 8421) were used for model development, and patient data from REACH Western Europe (N = 14,528) and REACH North America (N = 19,495) for model validation.

Intracranial atherosclerosis on 7T MRI and cognitive functioning: The SMART-MR study.

Objective: To investigate the association between intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS) and cognitive functioning in patients with a history of vascular disease.

Methods: Within the Second Manifestations of Arterial Disease-Magnetic Resonance (SMART-MR) study, cross-sectional analyses were performed in 130 patients (mean ± SD age 68 ± 9 years) with 7T vessel wall MRI data. Vessel wall lesions were rated according to established criteria and summed into a circulatory and artery-specific ICAS burden.

Development of a clinical decision tool to reduce diagnostic testing for primary aldosteronism in patients with difficult-to-control hypertension.

Background: Satisfactory tools to preclude low-risk patients from intensive diagnostic testing for primary aldosteronism (PA) are lacking. Therefore, we aimed to develop a decision tool to determine which patients with difficult-to-control hypertension have a low probability of PA, thereby limiting the exposure to invasive testing while at the same time increasing the efficiency of testing in the remaining patients.

Methods: Data from consecutive patients with difficult-to-control hypertension, analysed through a standardized diagnostic protocol between January 2010 and October 2017 (n = 824), were included in this cross-sectional study.

Would treatment decisions about secondary prevention of CVD based on estimated lifetime benefit rather than 10-year risk reduction be cost-effective?

Objective: To test the hypothesis that treatment decisions (treatment with a PCSK9-mAb versus no treatment) are both more effective and more cost-effective when based on estimated lifetime benefit than when based on estimated risk reduction over 10 years.

Methods: A microsimulation model was constructed for 10,000 patients with stable cardiovascular disease (CVD). Costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) due to recurrent cardiovascular events and (non)vascular death were estimated for lifetime benefit-based compared to 10-year risk-based treatment, with PCSK9 inhibition as an illustration example.

The relation between healthy lifestyle changes and decrease in systemic inflammation in patients with stable cardiovascular disease.

Background And Aims: Pharmacological lowering of inflammation has proven effective in reducing recurrent cardiovascular event rates. Aim of the current study is to evaluate lifestyle changes (smoking cessation, weight loss, physical activity level increase, alcohol moderation, and a summary lifestyle improvement score) in relation to change in plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration in patients with established cardiovascular disease.

Methods: In total, 1794 patients from the UCC-SMART cohort with stable cardiovascular disease and CRP levels ≤10 mg/L, who returned for a follow-up study visit after median 9.

Multifocal cardiovascular calcification in patients with established cardiovascular disease; prevalence, risk factors, and relation with recurrent cardiovascular disease.

Aims: The aim is to investigate (multifocal) cardiovascular calcification in patients with established cardiovascular disease (CVD), regarding prevalence, risk factors, and relation with recurrent CVD or vascular interventions. Coronary artery calcification (CAC), thoracic aortic calcification (TAC) (including ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta), mitral annular calcification (MAC), and aortic valve calcification (AVC) are studied.

Methods: The study concerned 568 patients with established CVD enrolled in the ORACLE cohort.

Normal-range thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and cardiovascular events and mortality in type 2 diabetes.

Aims: Thyroid dysfunction is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Whether thyroid function within the normal range is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease remains uncertain. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in the normal range are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality in participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus with high cardiovascular risk.

The relation between systemic inflammation and incident cancer in patients with stable cardiovascular disease: a cohort study.

Aims: Low-grade inflammation, measured by elevated plasma concentrations of high-sensitive C-reactive protein (CRP), is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). There is evidence that low-grade inflammation is also related to a higher risk of cancer. The present prospective cohort study evaluates the relation between low-grade systemic inflammation and risk of cancer in patients with stable CVD.

Estimating individual lifetime benefit and bleeding risk of adding rivaroxaban to aspirin for patients with stable cardiovascular disease: results from the COMPASS trial.

Aims: Adding rivaroxaban to aspirin in patients with stable atherosclerotic disease reduces the recurrence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) but increases the risk of major bleeding. The aim of this study was to estimate the individual lifetime treatment benefit and harm of adding low-dose rivaroxaban to aspirin in patients with stable cardiovascular disease.

Methods And Results: Patients with established CVD from the COMPASS trial (n = 27 390) and SMART prospective cohort study (n = 8139) were used.

Subjective cognitive decline, brain imaging biomarkers, and cognitive functioning in patients with a history of vascular disease: the SMART-Medea study.

We estimated associations of subjective cognitive decline (SCD) with neuroimaging markers of dementia and cognitive functioning in patients with a history of vascular disease without objective cognitive impairment. Within the Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease-Memory, depression and aging study, 599 patients (62 ± 9 years) had 1.5 T brain magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive testing at the baseline and after 8 years of follow-up.

Heterogeneity of Treatment Effects From an Intensive Lifestyle Weight Loss Intervention on Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Data From the Look AHEAD Trial.

Objective: To explore the presence of heterogeneity of treatment effect (HTE) of an intensive lifestyle intervention on the occurrence of major cardiovascular events (MACE) in overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes, and to identify patient characteristics associated with individual treatment effect.

Research Design And Methods: In 4,901 participants from the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) trial, a penalized Cox regression model to predict treatment effect of intensive lifestyle intervention for the risk of MACE was derived, including all possible treatment-by-covariate interaction terms. The ability of the model to predict HTE was confirmed by calculating hazard ratios (HRs) and absolute risk change in quartiles of predicted treatment effect, and baseline patient characteristics were compared between quartiles.

Is (poly-) substance use associated with impaired inhibitory control? A mega-analysis controlling for confounders.

Many studies have reported that heavy substance use is associated with impaired response inhibition. Studies typically focused on associations with a single substance, while polysubstance use is common. Further, most studies compared heavy users with light/non-users, though substance use occurs along a continuum.

Smoking cessation and risk of recurrent cardiovascular events and mortality after a first manifestation of arterial disease.

Aims: To quantify the relation between smoking cessation after a first cardiovascular (CV) event and risk of recurrent CV events and mortality.

Methods: Data were available from 4,673 patients aged 61 ± 8.7 years, with a recent (≤1 year) first manifestation of arterial disease participating in the SMART-cohort.

Prediction of individualized lifetime benefit from cholesterol lowering, blood pressure lowering, antithrombotic therapy, and smoking cessation in apparently healthy people.

Aims: The benefit an individual can expect from preventive therapy varies based on risk-factor burden, competing risks, and treatment duration. We developed and validated the LIFEtime-perspective CardioVascular Disease (LIFE-CVD) model for the estimation of individual-level 10 years and lifetime treatment-effects of cholesterol lowering, blood pressure lowering, antithrombotic therapy, and smoking cessation in apparently healthy people.

Methods And Results: Model development was conducted in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (n = 6715) using clinical predictors.