Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy and Management of Regional Lymph Nodes in Melanoma: American Society of Clinical Oncology and Society of Surgical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Update.

Purpose: To update the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)-Society of Surgical Oncology (SSO) guideline for sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in melanoma.

Methods: An ASCO-SSO panel was formed, and a systematic review of the literature was conducted regarding SLN biopsy and completion lymph node dissection (CLND) after a positive sentinel node in patients with melanoma.

Results: Nine new observational studies, two systematic reviews and an updated randomized controlled trial (RCT) of SLN biopsy, as well as two randomized controlled trials of CLND after positive SLN biopsy, were included.

Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy and Management of Regional Lymph Nodes in Melanoma: American Society of Clinical Oncology and Society of Surgical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Update.

Purpose To update the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)-Society of Surgical Oncology (SSO) guideline for sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in melanoma. Methods An ASCO-SSO panel was formed, and a systematic review of the literature was conducted regarding SLN biopsy and completion lymph node dissection (CLND) after a positive sentinel node in patients with melanoma. Results Nine new observational studies, two systematic reviews, and an updated randomized controlled trial of SLN biopsy, as well as two randomized controlled trials of CLND after positive SLN biopsy, were included.

Examining the contributions of environmental quality to pediatric multiple sclerosis.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a presumed autoimmune disease caused by genetic and environmental factors. It is hypothesized that environmental exposures (such as air and water quality) trigger the innate immune response thereby activating a pro-inflammatory cascade.

Objective: To examine potential environmental factors in pediatric MS using geographic information systems (GIS).

Dengue virus-reactive CD8 T cells mediate cross-protection against subsequent Zika virus challenge.

Zika virus (ZIKV) and dengue virus (DENV) are antigenically related flaviviruses that share cross-reactivity in antibody and T cell responses, and co-circulate in increasing numbers of countries. Whether pre-existing DENV immunity can cross-protect or enhance ZIKV infection during sequential infection of the same host is unknown. Here, we show that DENV-immune Ifnar1 or wild-type C57BL/6 mice infected with ZIKV have cross-reactive immunity to subsequent ZIKV infection and pathogenesis.

Pioglitazone Prevents Stroke in Patients With a Recent Transient Ischemic Attack or Ischemic Stroke: A Planned Secondary Analysis of the IRIS Trial (Insulin Resistance Intervention After Stroke).

Background: The IRIS trial (Insulin Resistance Intervention after Stroke) demonstrated that pioglitazone reduced the risk for a composite outcome of stroke or myocardial infarction among nondiabetic patients with insulin resistance and a recent stroke or transient ischemic attack. The current planned secondary analysis uses updated 2013 consensus criteria for ischemic stroke to examine the effect of pioglitazone on stroke outcomes.

Methods: Participants were randomly assigned to receive pioglitazone (45 mg/d target dose) or placebo within 180 days of a qualifying ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack and were followed for a maximum of 5 years.

Contribution of dietary intake to relapse rate in early paediatric multiple sclerosis.

Objective: The role of diet in multiple sclerosis (MS) course remains largely unknown. Children with MS have a higher relapse rate compared with MS in adults. Thus, studying the effect of diet on relapse rate in this age group is likely to provide more robust answers.

Genetic risk factors for pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis.

Background: Strong evidence supports the role of both genetic and environmental factors in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) etiology.

Objective: We comprehensively investigated the association between established major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and non-MHC adult multiple sclerosis (MS)-associated variants and susceptibility to POMS.

Methods: Cases with onset <18 years ( = 569) and controls ( = 16,251) were included from the United States and Sweden.

Targeting Pioglitazone Hydrochloride Therapy After Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack According to Pretreatment Risk for Stroke or Myocardial Infarction.

Importance: There is growing recognition that patients may respond differently to therapy and that the average treatment effect from a clinical trial may not apply equally to all candidates for a therapy.

Objective: To determine whether, among patients with an ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack and insulin resistance, those at higher risk for future stroke or myocardial infarction (MI) derive more benefit from the insulin-sensitizing drug pioglitazone hydrochloride compared with patients at lower risk.

Design, Setting, And Participants: A secondary analysis was conducted of the Insulin Resistance Intervention After Stroke trial, a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone for secondary prevention.

Effects of pioglitazone on cognitive function in patients with a recent ischaemic stroke or TIA: a report from the IRIS trial.

Introduction: Patients with cerebrovascular disease are at increased risk for cognitive dysfunction. Modification of vascular risk factors, including insulin resistance, could improve poststroke cognitive function.

Methods: In the Insulin Resistance Intervention after Stroke (IRIS) trial, patients with a recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA) were randomised to pioglitazone (target 45 mg daily) or placebo.

Smoking cessation and outcome after ischemic stroke or TIA.

Objective: To assess whether smoking cessation after an ischemic stroke or TIA improves outcomes compared to continued smoking.

Methods: We conducted a prospective observational cohort study of 3,876 nondiabetic men and women enrolled in the Insulin Resistance Intervention After Stroke (IRIS) trial who were randomized to pioglitazone or placebo within 180 days of a qualifying stroke or TIA and followed up for a median of 4.8 years.

Zika virus has oncolytic activity against glioblastoma stem cells.

Glioblastoma is a highly lethal brain cancer that frequently recurs in proximity to the original resection cavity. We explored the use of oncolytic virus therapy against glioblastoma with Zika virus (ZIKV), a flavivirus that induces cell death and differentiation of neural precursor cells in the developing fetus. ZIKV preferentially infected and killed glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) relative to differentiated tumor progeny or normal neuronal cells.

QM/MM simulations provide insight into the mechanism of bioluminescence triggering in ctenophore photoproteins.

Photoproteins are responsible for light emission in a variety of marine ctenophores and coelenterates. The mechanism of light emission in both families occurs via the same reaction. However, the arrangement of amino acid residues surrounding the chromophore, and the catalytic mechanism of light emission is unknown for the ctenophore photoproteins.

Simple Lighting Manipulations Facilitate Behavioral Entrainment of Mice to 18-h Days.

In an invariantly rhythmic world, a robust and stable mammalian circadian clock is presumed to confer fitness advantages. In shift-work or after rapid transmeridian travel, however, a stable clock might be maladaptive and a more flexibly resettable clock may have advantages. The rate at which rodents can adjust to simulated time zone travel and the range of entrainment can be markedly increased through simple light manipulations, namely, by exposing animals to extremely dim light (<0.

Health consequences of electric lighting practices in the modern world: A report on the National Toxicology Program's workshop on shift work at night, artificial light at night, and circadian disruption.

The invention of electric light has facilitated a society in which people work, sleep, eat, and play at all hours of the 24-hour day. Although electric light clearly has benefited humankind, exposures to electric light, especially light at night (LAN), may disrupt sleep and biological processes controlled by endogenous circadian clocks, potentially resulting in adverse health outcomes. Many of the studies evaluating adverse health effects have been conducted among night- and rotating-shift workers, because this scenario gives rise to significant exposure to LAN.

Anxiety and Depression Associated With Burden in Caregivers of Patients With Brain Metastases.

Purpose/objectives: To describe and examine the relationship between caregiver burden and the affective disorders anxiety and depression in caregivers of patients with brain metastases.
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Design: Cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational.

Dietary factors and pediatric multiple sclerosis: A case-control study.

Background: The role of diet in multiple sclerosis (MS) is largely uncharacterized, particularly as it pertains to pediatric-onset disease.

Objective: To determine the association between dietary factors and MS in children.

Methods: Pediatric MS patients and controls were recruited from 16 US centers (MS or clinically isolated syndrome onset before age 18, <4 years from symptom onset and at least 2 silent lesions on magnetic resonance imaging).

Genetic, Phenotypic, and Interferon Biomarker Status in ADAR1-Related Neurological Disease.

We investigated the genetic, phenotypic, and interferon status of 46 patients from 37 families with neurological disease due to mutations in . The clinicoradiological phenotype encompassed a spectrum of Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, isolated bilateral striatal necrosis, spastic paraparesis with normal neuroimaging, a progressive spastic dystonic motor disorder, and adult-onset psychological difficulties with intracranial calcification. Homozygous missense mutations were recorded in five families.

Serum biochemistry panels in African buffalo: Defining reference intervals and assessing variability across season, age and sex.

Serum biochemical parameters can be utilized to evaluate the physiological status of an animal, and relate it to the animal's health. In order to accurately interpret individual animal biochemical results, species-specific reference intervals (RI) must be established. Reference intervals for biochemical parameters differ between species, and physiological differences including reproductive status, nutritional resource availability, disease status, and age affect parameters within the same species.

Crystal structure dependent in vitro antioxidant activity of biocompatible calcium gallate MOFs.

Two novel 3-D coordination polymers, denoted MIL-155 and MIL-156 (MIL stands for Materials Institute Lavoisier), built up from calcium and the naturally occurring gallic acid (Hgal), have been hydrothermally synthesized and their crystal structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. These solids are based on different inorganic subunits: infinite chains of edge-sharing dimers of CaO polyhedra linked through partially deprotonated gallate ligands (Hgal) for MIL-155 or [Ca(HO)(Hgal)]·2HO, and ribbon-like inorganic subunits containing both eight-fold or six-fold coordinated Ca ions linked through fully deprotonated gallate ligands (gal) for MIL-156 or [CaK(HO)(gal)]·nHO (n∼ 5). Both solids contain small channels filled with water molecules, with, however no accessible porosity towards N at 77 K.

Impact of an electronic monitoring device and behavioral feedback on adherence to multiple sclerosis therapies in youth: results of a randomized trial.

Purpose: To report the results of a randomized controlled trial using an electronic monitoring device (EM) plus a motivational interviewing (MI) intervention to enhance adherence to disease-modifying therapies (DMT) in pediatric MS.

Methods: Fifty-two youth with MS (16.03 ± 2.

Evidence for a causal relationship between low vitamin D, high BMI, and pediatric-onset MS.

Objective: To utilize Mendelian randomization to estimate the causal association between low serum vitamin D concentrations, increased body mass index (BMI), and pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis (MS) using genetic risk scores (GRS).

Methods: We constructed an instrumental variable for vitamin D (vitD GRS) by computing a GRS for 3 genetic variants associated with levels of 25(OH)D in serum using the estimated effect of each risk variant. A BMI GRS was also created that incorporates the cumulative effect of 97 variants associated with BMI.

An Anatomic Evaluation of Arthroscopic Access to the Radial Head.

Purpose: To determine the area of the radial head accessible for visualization and screw placement from the standard anteromedial and anterolateral portals used in elbow arthroscopy.

Methods: Five cadaveric elbows were arthroscopically evaluated using standard anteromedial and anterolateral portals. Markers (pins) were placed into the accessible portions of the radial head at maximal pronation and supination.

Evaluating the association of allergies with multiple sclerosis susceptibility risk and disease activity in a pediatric population.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) and allergies are both considered to be related to imbalanced Th1 and Th2 immune responses. Previous studies evaluating the relationship between MS and allergies provide conflicting results.

Objective: To assess allergies and asthma as risk factors for MS and as predictors of MS relapses in a pediatric cohort.