The highest work rate associated with a predominantly aerobic contribution coincides with the highest work rate at which VO can be attained.

Purpose: To estimate the highest power output at which predominant energy contribution is derived from the aerobic system (aerobic limit power: ALP) and to compare ALP with the upper boundary of the severe intensity exercise domain.

Methods: Fifteen male individuals participated in this study. The upper boundary was estimated using i) linear relationship between time to achieve O and time to task failure (P), ii) hyperbolic relationships between time to achieve O vs.

Estimation of Heat Production Rate using Thermal Data During Exercise in Indoor Environments: A Study of Heat Storage Rate in Male Athletes.

The increasing preference for indoor exercise spaces highlights the relationship between indoor thermal environments and physiological responses, particularly concerning thermal comfort during physical activity. Determining the metabolic heat production rate during exercise is essential for optimizing the thermal comfort, well-being, and performance of individuals engaged in physical activities. This value can be determined during the activity using several methods, including direct calorimetry measurement, indirect calorimetry that uses analysis of respiratory gases, or approximations using collected data such as speed, body mass, and heart rate.

Different categories of VO kinetics in the 'extreme' exercise intensity domain.

The aim of this study was to classify potential sub-zones within the extreme exercise domain. Eight well-trained male cyclists participated in this study. The upper boundary of the severe exercise domain (P) was estimated by constant-work-rate tests.

Assessing Acute Responses to Exercises Performed Within and at the Upper Boundary of Severe Exercise Domain.

: The highest work-rate that provides maximal oxygen uptake () may be one of the best exercise stimuli to yield both and lactate accumulation. The aim of this study was to analyze physiological and metabolic acute responses of an exercise modality performed at the upper boundary of the severe exercise domain, and compare those responses with exercise modalities applied within the severe exercise domain. : Ten trained male cyclists participated in this study.

Development potentials of commonly used high-intensity training strategies on central and peripheral components of maximal oxygen consumption.

The aim of this study was to reveal the development potentials of five high-intensity training models on central and peripheral components of maximal oxygen consumption (VO). Following VO determination, maximal cardiac output (Q), maximal stroke volume (SV), and maximal arteriovenous O difference (a-vO) were analysed. Short-interval- (short-HIIT), long-interval (long-HIIT), alternating work-rate continuous (alter-HIT), constant work-rate continuous (const-HIT), and sprint interval (SIT) sessions were performed on separate days with iso-effort and iso-time methods.

Electromyostimulation Application on Peroneus Longus Muscle Improves Balance and Strength in American Football Players.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 5 weeks of electromyostimulation (EMS) of the peroneus longus muscle on balance and muscle strength in American Football (AmF) players.

Methods: Thirty-two healthy male athletes (4 American Football team training sessions per week, college level) were randomly divided into the EMS and control groups. The EMS applications were conducted on the dominant peroneus longus muscle 3 times per week for 5 weeks, with each application lasting 25 minutes.

A new technique to analyse threshold-intensities based on time dependent change-points in the ratio of minute ventilation and end-tidal partial pressure of carbon-dioxide production.

The aim of this study was to test the utility and effectiveness of an alternative computational approach to threshold-intensities based on time dependent change-points in minute ventilation divided by end-tidal partial pressure of CO (V/PCO) to reveal whether respiratory compensation point (RCP) is a third ventilatory threshold, or not. Ten recreationally active young adults and ten well-trained athletes volunteered to take part in this study. Following incremental ramp tests, gas exchange threshold (GET) and respiratory compensation point (RCP) were respectively evaluated by the slopes of VCO-VO and V-VCO using the Innocor system automatically.

The effects of vibration on efficiency in off-road cyclists.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate whether vibration significantly affected the efficiency of off-road cyclists.

Patients And Methods: Eight male mountain cyclists (mean age 21.1±1 years; range, 19 to 22 years) between August 2017 and November 2017 were included.

Do PON1-Q192R and PON1-L55M polymorphisms modify the effects of hypoxic training on paraoxonase and arylesterase activity?

Background: Low levels of antioxidant paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzyme activity, PON1-Q192R polymorphism (a glutamine (Q) to arginine (R) substitution at position 192), PON1-L55M polymorphism (a leucine (L) to methionine (M) substitution at position 55), and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) are risk factors for coronary heart disease. Aerobic exercise improves PON1 activity, but the effects of hypoxic exercise are yet unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of hypoxic underwater rugby training on PON1 activity and oxLDL levels and the role of the mentioned polymorphisms.

Sigmoidal VO on-kinetics: A new pattern in VO responses at the lower district of extreme exercise domain.

The aim of the study was to analyse the VO on-kinetics belonging to the work rates within the lower district of extreme exercise domain. Maximal O utilisation and peak power outputs of eight well-trained cyclists were revealed by multisession trails. Critical threshold (CT) as the lower boundary of severe domain and aerobic limit power (ALP) as the upper boundary of severe domain were determined by multisession constant-load exercises.

The importance of the verification phase following an incremental exercise to ensure maximum oxygen consumption.

Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze cardiac output (Qc), stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), and arterio-venous O2 difference (a-vO2diff) responses throughout a graded exercise test (GXT) and verification phase (VP) to examine whether SV decrement during the GXT is a main factor for underestimation of the maximal O2 uptake (V̇O2max), or not.

Methods: Seven well-trained male cyclists volunteered for this study (V̇O2max: 61.7±6.

Grey Zone: A Gap Between Heavy and Severe Exercise Domain.

Ozkaya, O, Balci, GA, As, H, Cabuk, R, and Norouzi, M. Grey zone: A gap between heavy and severe exercise domain. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 113-120, 2022-The aim of this study was to determine a critical threshold (CT) interpreted as "the highest exercise intensity where V̇o2 can be stabilized before reaching 95% of V̇o2max (V̇o2peak)" and compare it with commonly used anaerobic threshold indices.

Moderate Intensity Intermittent Exercise Modality May Prevent Cardiovascular Drift.

Cardiovascular drift (CV-Drift) may occur after the ~10th min of submaximal continuous exercising. The purpose of this study was to examine whether CV-Drift is prevented by an intermittent exercise modality, instead of a continuous exercise. Seven well-trained male cyclists volunteered to take part in the study ( V ˙ O: 61.

Associations between Thermal and Physiological Responses of Human Body during Exercise.

In this study, thermal behaviours of the athletes were investigated with respect to thermal comfort and exercise intensity. The relationship between an index for analysing thermal comfort (Predicted Mean Vote: PMV) and Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) which shows exercise intensity and exhaustion level was evaluated. Eleven moderately trained male athletes ( V ˙ O 54 ± 9.

The Test-Retest Reliability of New Generation Power Indices of Wingate All-Out Test.

Although reliability correlations of traditional power indices of the Wingate test have been well documented, no study has analyzed new generation power indices based on milliseconds obtained from a Peak Bike. The purpose of this study was to investigate the retest reliability of new generation power indices. Thirty-two well-trained male athletes who were specialized in basketball, football, tennis, or track and field volunteered to take part in the study (age: 24.

Re-Evaluation of Old Findings on Stroke Volume Responses to Exercise and Recovery by Nitrous-Oxide Rebreathin.

It is important to verify the old findings of Cumming (1972) and Goldberg and Shephard (1980) who showed that stroke volume (SV) may be higher during recovery rather than during exercise, in order to organize the number of intervals throughout training sessions. The purpose of this study was to re-evaluate individual SV responses to various upright cycling exercises using the nitrous-oxide rebreathing method. Nine moderate to well-trained male athletes volunteered to take part in the study (maximal O uptake (VO): 60.

Shorter intervals at peak SV vs.V̇O2max may yield high SV with less physiological stress.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether greater and sustainable stroke volume (SV) responses may be obtained by exercise intensities corresponding to peak SV (SVpeak) vs. maximal O2 consumption (VO2max), and short vs. long intervals (SI vs.