Evaluation of natural gum-based cryogels for soft tissue engineering.

In this study, three natural biomaterials, Locust bean gum (LBG), Xanthan gum (XG), and Mastic gum (MG), were combined to form cryogel scaffolds. Thermal and chemical characterizations revealed the successful blend formation from LBG-XG (LX) and LBG-XG-MG (LXM) polymers. All blends resulted in macro-porous scaffolds with interconnected pore structures under the size of 400 μm.

Investigation of Vasculogenesis Inducing Biphasic Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering.

Vascularization is the main obstacle for the bone tissue engineering strategies since the defect size is generally large. Incorporation of angiogenic factors is one of the strategies employed in order to accelerate vascularization and improve bone healing. In this study, a biphasic scaffold consisting of fibrous poly(lactide--glycolide) (PLGA) and poly(lactide--glycolide)--poly(ethylene glycol)--poly(lactide--glycolide) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) hydrogel loaded with vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) inducer, GS4012, was constructed.

The effect of polyethylenglycol gel on the delivery and osteogenic differentiation of homologous tooth germ-derived stem cells in a porcine model.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate if bone regeneration can be promoted by homologous transplantation of STRO-1 sorted (STRO-1+) porcine tooth germ mesenchymal stem cells (TGSCs) with the combination of polyethylenglycol (PEG)-based hydrogel and biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) scaffolds.

Material And Methods: TGSCs were isolated from impacted third molars of domestic pigs. Nine critical-sized defects were created as (1) untreated defect; filled with (2) autogenous bone; (3) BCP + PEG; (4) BCP + PEG + unsorted TGSCs; (5) BCP + unsorted TGSCs; (6) BCP + PEG + STRO-1-sorted TGSCs; (7) BCP + STRO-1-sorted TGSCs; (8) BCP + PEG + osteogenic induced unsorted TGSCs; and (9) BCP + PEG + osteogenic induced STRO-1-sorted TGSCs in 20 domestic pigs.

A Current Overview of Scaffold-Based Bone Regeneration Strategies with Dental Stem Cells.

Bone defects due to trauma or diseases still pose a clinical challenge to be resolved in the current tissue engineering approaches. As an alternative to traditional methods to restore bone defects, such as autografts, bone tissue engineering aims to achieve new bone formation via novel biomaterials used in combination with multipotent stem cells and bioactive molecules. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be successfully isolated from various dental tissues at different stages of development including dental pulp, apical papilla, dental follicle, tooth germ, deciduous teeth, periodontal ligament and gingiva.

Fibrous bone tissue engineering scaffolds prepared by wet spinning of PLGA.

Having a self-healing capacity, bone is very well known to regenerate itself without leaving a scar. However, critical size defects due to trauma, tumor, disease, or infection involve bone graft surgeries in which complication rate is relatively at high levels. Bone tissue engineering appears as an alternative for grafting.

Dental Stem Cells in Bone Tissue Engineering: Current Overview and Challenges.

The treatment of bone that is impaired due to disease, trauma or tumor resection creates a challenge for both clinicians and researchers. Critical size bone defects are conventionally treated with autografts which are associated with risks such as donor site morbidity and limitations like donor shortage. Bone tissue engineering has become a promising area for the management of critical size bone defects by the employment of biocompatible materials and the discovery of novel stem cell sources.

Role of STRO-1 sorting of porcine dental germ stem cells in dental stem cell-mediated bone tissue engineering.

Stem cells of dental origin emerged as a new source for the regeneration of tissues with advantages mainly including non-invasive collection procedures and lack of ethical contraversies with their harvest or use. In this study, porcine TGSCs (pTGSCs) were isolated from mandibular third molar tooth germs of 6-month-old domestic pigs. This is the first study that reports the isolation and characterization of TGSCs from porcine third molars and their differentiation depending on STRO-1 expression.

Bone Formation from Porcine Dental Germ Stem Cells on Surface Modified Polybutylene Succinate Scaffolds.

Designing and providing a scaffold are very important for the cells in tissue engineering. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) has high potential as a scaffold for bone regeneration due to its capacity in cell proliferation and differentiation. Also, stem cells from 3rd molar tooth germs were favoured in this study due to their developmentally and replicatively immature nature.

Influence of co-culture on osteogenesis and angiogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and aortic endothelial cells.

Co-culture of bone forming cells and endothelial cells to induce pre-vascularization is one of the strategies used to solve the insufficient vascularization problem in bone tissue engineering attempts. In the study, primary cells isolated from 2 different tissues of the same animal, rat bone marrow stem cells (RBMSCs) and rat aortic endothelial cells (RAECs) were co-cultured to study the effects of co-culturing on both osteogenesis and angiogenesis. The formation of tube like structure in 2D culture was observed for the first time in the literature by the co-culture of primary cells from the same animal and also osteogenesis and angiogenesis were investigated at the same time by using this co-culture system.