Black Phosphorus Nanoflakes: An Emerging Nanomaterial for Clinical Wound Management and Biomedical Applications.

Black phosphorus (BP), a two-dimensional material, has gathered significant attention over the last decade, primarily due to its unique physiochemical properties and potential role in various biomedical applications. This review provides an in-depth overview of the synthesis, nanomaterial properties, interactions, and biomedical uses of BP, with a particular focus on wound management. The structure, synthesis methods, and stability of BP are discussed, highlighting the high degree of nanomaterial biocompatibility and cytotoxicity.

Probiotaceuticals: Back to the future?

Probiotic research has undergone some exciting and unanticipated changes in direction since the 2010 commentary by GSH, which speculated on probiotics being ultimately utilized as "factories" capable of releasing pharmaceutical-grade metabolites with therapeutic potential for a wide range of primarily gastrointestinal disorders. Indeed, the unrelenting search for new alternatives to antibiotics has further stimulated the development of "next-generation" probiotics. Postbiotics, defined as inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confer a health benefit on the host, remain at the forefront of current probiotic research, with increasing numbers of probiotic species, strains, and substrains now being identified and further exploited as pharmabiotics; probiotics with a proven pharmacologic role in health and disease that have been subjected to clinical trial prior to approval by regulatory bodies.

Cytotoxic and Immunomodulatory Activity of Curcumin and Chitosan on Experimental Toxoplasmosis.

Background: is a pathogenic parasite with worldwide distribution. We investigated curcumin and chitosan in combination on the viability of tachyzoites in silico, in vitro and in vivo.

Methods: A 3D model was employed in Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran in 2021 to study the interaction between curcumin and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR).

Deferiprone-Gallium-Protoporphyrin Chitogel Decreases Biofilm Infection without Impairing Wound Healing.

is one of the most common pathogens encountered in clinical wound infections. Clinical studies have shown that infection results in a larger wound area, inhibiting healing, and a high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance. Hydroxypyridinone-derived iron chelator Deferiprone (Def) and heme analogue Gallium-Protoporphyrin (GaPP) in a chitosan-dextran hydrogel (Chitogel) have previously been demonstrated to be effective against PAO1 and clinical isolates of in vitro.

Anti-Leishmania major activity of Calotropis procera extract by increasing ROS production and upregulating TNF-α, IFN-γ and iNOS mRNA expression under in vitro conditions.

Background: Leishmaniasis, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania, is a neglected tropical disease with 700,000 to 1,000,000 global new cases annually. Adverse effects associated with expense, long-term treatment and drug resistance have made conventional therapies unfavorable, encouraging the search for alternative drugs based on plant products. In this study, the effect of Calotropis procera (Asclepiadaceae) extract against viability of promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania major was evaluated in vitro.

Thermoregulation during Field Exercise in Horses Using Skin Temperature Monitoring.

Hyperthermia and exertional heat illness (EHI) are performance and welfare issues for all exercising horses. Monitoring the thermoregulatory response allows for early recognition of metabolic heat accumulation during exercise and the possibility of taking prompt and effective preventative measures to avoid a further increase in core body temperature (T) leading to hyperthermia. Skin temperature (T) monitoring is most used as a non-invasive tool to assess the thermoregulatory response pre- and post-exercise, particularly employing infrared thermographic equipment.

Emu Oil and zinc monoglycerolate independently reduce disease severity in a rat model of ulcerative colitis.

Ulcerative colitis is characterized by colonic inflammation. Previously, Emu Oil protected the intestine against experimentally-induced inflammatory intestinal disorders. Zinc monoglycerolate (ZMG) polymer, formed by heating zinc oxide with glycerol, demonstrated anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties.

Negative consequences of reduced protein diets supplemented with synthetic amino acids for performance, intestinal barrier function, and caecal microbiota composition of broiler chickens.

The consequences of feeding broiler chickens with reduced protein (RP) diets for gut health and barrier function are not well understood. This study was performed to elucidate the effect of reducing dietary protein and source of protein on gut health and performance parameters. Four experimental diets included 2 control diets with standard protein levels either containing meat and bone meal (CMBM) or an all-vegetable diet (CVEG), a medium RP diet (17.

Is Continuous Monitoring of Skin Surface Temperature a Reliable Proxy to Assess the Thermoregulatory Response in Endurance Horses During Field Exercise?

Hyperthermia is a performance and welfare issue for exercising horses. The thermoregulatory stressors associated with exercise have typically been estimated by responses in the laboratory. However, monitoring surface skin temperature (T ) coincident with core temperature (T ) has not previously been investigated in horses exercising in the field.

Continuous Monitoring of the Thermoregulatory Response in Endurance Horses and Trotter Horses During Field Exercise: Baselining for Future Hot Weather Studies.

Establishing proper policies regarding the recognition and prevention of equine heat stress becomes increasingly important, especially in the face of global warming. To assist this, a detailed view of the variability of equine thermoregulation during field exercise and recovery is essential. 13 endurance horses and 12 trotter horses were equipped with continuous monitoring devices [gastrointestinal (GI) pill, heartrate (HR) monitor, and global positioning system] and monitored under cool weather conditions during four endurance rides over a total of 80 km (40 km loops) and intense trotter track-based exercise over 1,540 m.

Neuroimmunological complications arising from chemotherapy-induced gut toxicity and opioid exposure in female dark agouti rats.

Cancer patients may experience symptom clusters, including chemotherapy-induced (CI) gut toxicity (CIGT) and cognitive impairment. Analgesic selection for pain associated with CIGT is difficult as opioids induce glial reactivity and unwanted side effects. This study quantified central glial reactivity and proinflammatory effects in rats with CIGT using three mechanistically different analgesics.

Emu Oil Attenuates Disease Severity and Results in Fewer Large Colonic Tumors in a Mouse Model of Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer.

Ulcerative colitis patients have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of the current study was to determine whether Emu Oil (EO) could reduce the severity of colitis, thereby inhibiting colitis-associated CRC (CA-CRC) development. Female C57BL/6 mice ( = 8/group) were injected (i.

Breath CO-evidence for a noninvasive biomarker to measure added refined sugar uptake.

Increased consumption of added sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup in the human diet has been associated with increasing incidence of obesity and metabolic disease. There are currently no reliable, objective biomarkers for added sugar intake that could be used in individuals or population settings. C is a stable isotope of carbon, and measurement of blood C content has been proposed as a marker of added sugar consumption.

Emu oil and grape seed extract reduce tumour burden and disease parameters in murine colitis-associated colorectal cancer.

Ulcerative colitis is an incurable condition whereby patients are at an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). We aimed to investigate the combination of Emu oil (EO) and grape seed extract (GSE) in an azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) model of colitis-associated CRC (CA-CRC). C57BL/6 mice (n = 10/group) were injected i.

Orally administered emu oil attenuates disease in a mouse model of Crohn's-like colitis.

Crohn's disease is a severe, incurable inflammatory bowel disease. Orally administered emu oil has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in previous models of gastrointestinal disease. We aimed to determine whether orally administered emu oil could attenuate disease in a mouse model of Crohn's-like colitis.

Excreta biomarkers in response to different gut barrier dysfunction models and probiotic supplementation in broiler chickens.

Increased intestinal permeability (IP) and inflammation are both linked with functionality of the intestinal barrier and in particular enterocytes. Currently, almost all assessment methods of the intestinal barrier function are invasive. The present study aimed to quantify selected proteins as novel biomarkers in excreta of broiler chickens to facilitate non-invasive assessment of gut barrier function using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).

Intestinal stem cells promote crypt fission during postnatal growth of the small intestine.

Objective: Wnt-β-catenin signalling is essential for intestinal stem cells. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between intestinal stem cells and crypt fission which peaks during infancy.

Design: Duodenal biopsies were obtained during endoscopy to assess the severity of reflux oesophagitis of 15 infants, children and teenagers, which would not affect the duodenum.

Affective state determination in a mouse model of colitis-associated colorectal cancer.

Behavioural indicators of affective state, including burrowing, clinical scores and the Mouse Grimace Score have not yet been validated in mouse models of chronic gastrointestinal disease. Additionally, a comparison of these methods has not been characterised. This study aimed to determine which behavioural assessment was the optimal indicator of disease, evidenced by correlation with clinically-assessed measures, in an azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) mouse model of colitis-associated colorectal cancer.

Chemotherapy-induced mucositis development in a murine model of colitis-associated colorectal cancer.

Ulcerative colitis is an incurable inflammatory bowel disease that increases the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is the predominant chemotherapy for CRC patients; however, undesirable side-effects, including mucositis, are common. This study utilised 5-FU-treatment in a model of colitis-associated CRC to develop a pre-clinical setting of intestinal mucositis coincident with manifestation of CRC.

Use of the Rat Grimace Scale to Evaluate Visceral Pain in a Model of Chemotherapy-Induced Mucositis.

The rat grimace scale (RGS) is a measure of spontaneous pain that evaluates pain response. The ability to characterize pain through a non-invasive method has considerable utility for numerous animal models of disease, including mucositis, a painful, self-limiting side-effect of chemotherapy treatment. Preclinical studies investigating novel therapeutics for mucositis often focus on pathological outcomes and disease severity.

Prebiotics Fructo-, Galacto-, and Mannan-Oligosaccharide Do Not Protect against 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Intestinal Mucositis in Rats.

Background: Prebiotics selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria within the gastrointestinal tract, and have been investigated in human and animal studies for their capacity to improve intestinal health.

Objective: We investigated the prebiotics fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS), and mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) for their potential to alleviate intestinal damage in rats.

Methods: Female Dark Agouti rats (6-8 wk old, 110-150 g) were allocated to 1 of the following treatment groups (n = 8/group): saline/water, saline/FOS, saline/GOS, saline/MOS, 5-fluorouracil (5FU)/water, 5FU/FOS, 5FU/GOS, and 5FU/MOS.

Emu Oil reduces disease severity in a mouse model of chronic ulcerative colitis.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by mucosal inflammation and ulceration of the large intestine. Emu Oil (EO) has been reported to protect the intestine against mucositis, NSAID-enteropathy, UC-associated colorectal cancer and acute UC. We aimed to determine whether EO could reduce the severity chronic UC in mice.

Combined Nutraceuticals: A Novel Approach to Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer?

Ulcerative colitis is an unremitting and lifelong inflammatory bowel disease that is increasing in prevalence worldwide. Patients display various clinical symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea and fatigue. The etiology of ulcerative colitis remains unknown and the current pharmaceutical treatments are variably effective and not curative, highlighting the need for improved therapeutic approaches.

Active β-Catenin Signaling in the Small Intestine of Humans During Infancy.

Background: Wnt-β-catenin signaling is essential for homeostasis of intestinal stem cells in mice and is thought to promote intestinal crypt fission.

Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate Wnt-β-catenin signaling in intestinal crypts of human infants.

Methods: Duodenal biopsies from nine infants (mean, range 0.