Hiding in plain sight: children with visual perceptual difficulties in schools.

Cerebral visual impairment (CVI) is increasingly being recognized as a significant cause of visual difficulties in children, particularly those with typical visual acuity, who nonetheless struggle in educational settings. This narrative review aims to elucidate the nature and impact of visual perceptual difficulties (VPD) associated with CVI in school-aged children, who often remain undiagnosed due to the current erroneous focus on visual acuity as a required diagnostic criterion for CVI. The review synthesizes findings from recent studies, highlighting that up to 3.

Commentary: Profiling Children With Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI) Using Multiple Methods of Assessment to Aid in Differential Diagnosis.

PROFILING CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL VISUAL IMPAIRMENT USING MULTIPLE METHODS OF ASSESSMENT TO AID IN DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: Amanda H. Lueck , Gordon N. Dutton , Sylvie Chokron Seminars in Pediatric Neurology Volume 31, October 2019, Pages 5-14 Cerebral (cortical) visual impairment (CVI), the primary cause of visual impairment in chil dren in high-income countries, is increasing globally due to improved life-saving measures for premature and full-term infants.

From vision to cognition: potential contributions of cerebral visual impairment to neurodevelopmental disorders.

Vision has a crucial role to play in human development and functioning. It is, therefore, not surprising that vision plays a fundamental role in the development of the child. As a consequence, an alteration in visual function is, therefore, likely to hinder the child's development.

Cortical Visual Impairments and Learning Disabilities.

Medical advances in neonatology have improved the survival rate of premature infants, as well as children who are born under difficult neurological conditions. As a result, the prevalence of cerebral dysfunctions, whether minimal or more severe, is increasing in all industrialized countries and in some developing nations. Whereas in the past, ophthalmological diseases were considered principally responsible for severe visual impairment, today, all recent epidemiological studies show that the primary cause of blindness and severe visual impairment in children in industrialized countries is now neurological, with lesions acquired around the time of birth currently comprising the commonest contributor.

A new look at the safety and tolerability of prostaglandin analogue eyedrops in glaucoma and ocular hypertension.

Introduction: In the last 25 years, topical prostaglandin analogues (PGAs) have emerged to become first line and first choice therapeutic options in the management of glaucoma and ocular hypertension (OHT). Although the short-term efficacy and safety of PGAs has been extensively investigated, less is known about their long term safety and tolerability. This gap in current knowledge is clinically relevant, because treatment-related adverse events and long-term tolerability issues are key determinants of the overall success of long-term therapy and the final outcome of a lifelong, symptomless disease like glaucoma.

Perceptual visual dysfunction in children - An Indian perspective.

Perceptual visual dysfunction (PVD) comprises a group of vision disorders resulting from dysfunction of the posterior parietal and/or temporal lobes. Often, affected children have normal/near normal visual acuities and/or visual fields, but have difficulties in activities of daily living involving the use of vision. PVDs are known to be common among children with risk factors such as a history of prematurity and/or neurodevelopmental disorders.

The treatment of glaucoma using topical preservative-free agents: an evaluation of safety and tolerability.

: Preservative-free (PF) medications represent a valuable treatment strategy in the lifelong management of glaucoma. By removing preservative toxicity, PF formulations provide tangible clinical benefits to glaucoma patients worldwide. They improve tolerability and adherence, leading to a positive impact in long-term intraocular pressure (IOP) control.

An 8-month-old Baby Girl with Slight Drooping of Left Upper Eyelid.

An 8-month-old baby girl, who accompanied her sister with an eye problem, was incidentally noticed to have smaller left eye compared to the right. The mother said that it had been present for 2 months. The child showed no detectable focal neurological deficits.

Simultanagnosia as a cause of visual disturbance following Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES): A case report.

Simultanagnosia resulting from dorsal stream dysfunction is an under recognized condition. In this case report we describe the case of a young woman who developed posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), and who recovered visual acuities of 20/20 in each eye, along with normal visual fields and contrast sensitivities, yet experienced persistent symptoms of perceptual dysfunction. Detailed and systematic history taking revealed consistent visual difficulties typical of dorsal stream dysfunction.

Profiling Children With Cerebral Visual Impairment Using Multiple Methods of Assessment to Aid in Differential Diagnosis.

Cerebral (cortical) visual impairment (CVI), the primary cause of visual impairment in children in high-income countries, is increasing globally due to improved life-saving measures for premature and full-term infants. Yet the consequences of this condition are only beginning to be understood and addressed. According to the topography, site, and the extent of the pathology, the deficit may variably concern central visual functions, visual field, perception of movement, visual analysis, visual exploration, attention, or visual memory, as well as visual guidance of movement.

Cerebral visual impairment is a major cause of profound visual impairment in children aged less than 3 years: A study from tertiary eye care center in South India.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate causes for profound visual impairment in children ≤3 years of age at a tertiary eye care center in Andhra Pradesh, India.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted for all the children (≤3 years) who attended the pediatric ophthalmology service between January 2012 and February 2017.

Results: A total of 428 severely visually impaired children aged ≤3 years were seen during the study period: 264 (62%) of them were boys and I64 (38%) were girls.

The effect of visual support strategies on the quality of life of children with cerebral palsy and cerebral visual impairment/perceptual visual dysfunction in Nigeria: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Cerebral visual impairment (CVI), including perceptual visual dysfunction (PVD), is common in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Inventories of questions relating to practical aspects of visual perception in everyday life, in particular the closed-ended Insight Questions Inventory (IQI), can be used to assess CVI/PVD. Studies linking responses to the inventory with specific visual support strategies, aimed at modifying the child's environment and/or behaviour to minimize the impact of the CVI/PVD, have been piloted.

Hemianopia and Features of Bálint Syndrome following Occipital Lobe Hemorrhage: Identification and Patient Understanding Have Aided Functional Improvement Years after Onset.

Cerebral visual impairment (CVI) can present around birth or any time thereafter. Homonymous hemianopia is a common feature. The concept that functional improvement is unattainable augurs against active management.

Diurnal and 24-h Intraocular Pressures in Glaucoma: Monitoring Strategies and Impact on Prognosis and Treatment.

The present review casts a critical eye on intraocular pressure (IOP) monitoring and its value in current and future glaucoma care. Crucially, IOP is not fixed, but varies considerably during the 24-h cycle and between one visit and another. Consequently, a single IOP measurement during so-called office hours is insufficient to characterize the real IOP pathology of a patient with glaucoma.

Cerebral visual impairment in children: Causes and associated ophthalmological problems.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to identify common causes, associated ophthalmological abnormalities, and systemic comorbidities in children in Andhra Pradesh, India, with cerebral visual impairment (CVI).

Methods: A retrospective review of case records of all children aged <16 years with diagnosis of CVI seen between January 2016 and December 2016 was carried out. Data were collected for their age, gender, cause of CVI, refraction, accommodation, anterior and posterior segment examination findings, and systemic problems.

Psychophysical and neuroimaging responses to moving stimuli in a patient with the Riddoch phenomenon due to bilateral visual cortex lesions.

Patients with injury to early visual cortex or its inputs can display the Riddoch phenomenon: preserved awareness for moving but not stationary stimuli. We provide a detailed case report of a patient with the Riddoch phenomenon, MC. MC has extensive bilateral lesions to occipitotemporal cortex that include most early visual cortex and complete blindness in visual field perimetry testing with static targets.

Response to correction of refractive errors and hypoaccommodation in children with congenital Zika syndrome.

Purpose: To describe the immediate response to correction of refractive errors and hypoaccommodation in children with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS).

Methods: Children born between May and December 2015 with a confirmed diagnosis of CZS and enrolled in a multidisciplinary early intervention program were included in this study. All children received a comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including dynamic retinoscopy and cycloplegic refraction.

A Validation of an Examination Protocol for Cerebral Visual Impairment Among Children in a Clinical Population in India.

Introduction: Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI) is a leading cause of vision impairment in developed and developing countries due to and increased survival of preterm and low birth weight infants. There are few data concerning the validity of protocols available to diagnose CVI.

Aim: This study aimed to document the face, content and construct validity of an assessment protocol namely, a 15-domain, Structured Clinical Question Inventory (SCQI), which is based on structured history taking and clinical examination, for the diagnosis of CVI in a clinical population of India.

Pediatric Balint's Syndrome Variant: A Possible Diagnosis in Children.

Balint's syndrome is well described in adults, but not in children. It is caused by bilateral posterior parietal lobe damage and comprises a triad of simultanagnosia (inability to simultaneously see more than a small number of items), optic ataxia (impaired visual guidance of movement of the limbs and body), and apraxia of gaze (inability to volitionally direct gaze despite the requisite motor substrate) often associated with homonymous lower visual field loss. We, here, describe five children (four males, one female; mean age 7.

Impact of Cerebral Visual Impairments on Motor Skills: Implications for Developmental Coordination Disorders.

Cerebral visual impairment (CVI) has become the primary cause of visual impairment and blindness in children in industrialized countries. Its prevalence has increased sharply, due to increased survival rates of children who sustain severe neurological conditions during the perinatal period. Improved diagnosis has probably contributed to this increase.

A selective impairment of perception of sound motion direction in peripheral space: A case study.

It is still an open question if the auditory system, similar to the visual system, processes auditory motion independently from other aspects of spatial hearing, such as static location. Here, we report psychophysical data from a patient (female, 42 and 44 years old at the time of two testing sessions), who suffered a bilateral occipital infarction over 12 years earlier, and who has extensive damage in the occipital lobe bilaterally, extending into inferior posterior temporal cortex bilaterally and into right parietal cortex. We measured the patient's spatial hearing ability to discriminate static location, detect motion and perceive motion direction in both central (straight ahead), and right and left peripheral auditory space (50° to the left and right of straight ahead).