A case of mycotic keratitis due to Fusarium sp. with an undesirable outcome.

Fungal keratitis, an infective disease of the cornea, represents a serious diagnostic and therapeutic problem that, if not recognized on time, could lead to irreversible eye damage. Herein we report a case of fungal keratitis due to Fusarium spp. infection.

Role of optical coherence tomography in the early detection of macular thinning in rheumatoid arthritis patients with chloroquine retinopathy.

Background: Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are drugs that are primarily used for the treatment of malaria and are also recommended for treating connective tissue disorders, autoimmune diseases, and some dermatological and inflammatory diseases. Treatment with these drugs has potential risk for the development of retinopathy, clinically characterized by bilateral pigment changes in the macula, as one serious ocular complication. The aim of this research was to evaluate the parafoveal and perifoveal macular retinal thickness, as central foveal thickness in adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on chloroquine therapy using optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Ganglion Cell-Inner Plexiform Layer Thickness in Different Glaucoma Stages Measured by Optical Coherence Tomography.

Aim: To compare ganglion cell (GCL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL) thickness in patients at different stages of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), determine their sensitivity and specificity values, and correlate thickness values with mean deviations (MD).

Methods: This prospective, cross- sectional study was conducted in a group of patients with confirmed POAG who were compared to an age- and gender-matched control group. Glaucomatous damage was classified according to the Hodapp-Parrish-Anderson scale: glaucoma stage 1 (early), glaucoma stage 2 (moderate), and glaucoma stage 3 (severe).

120 YEARS SINCE THE DISCOVERY OF X-RAYS.

This paper is intended to celebrate the 120th anniversary of the discovery of X-rays. X-rays (Roentgen-rays) were discovered on the 8th ofNovember, 1895 by the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen. Fifty days after the discovery of X-ray, on December 28, 1895.

Ocular surface disease incidence in patients with open-angle glaucoma.

Introduction: Ocular surface disease (OSD) is a multifactorial disease of the tears and ocular surface that results in symptoms of discomfort, visual disturbances, tear film instability with potential damage to the ocular surface, accompanied by increased tear film osmolarity and inflammation of the ocular surface. It is a consequence of disrupted homeostasis of lacrimal functional unit. The main pathogenetic mechanism stems from tear hyperosmolarity and tear film instability.

DR AVRAM JOZEF VINAVER (1862-1915) - PIONEER OF RADIOLOGY IN SERBIA.

Introduction: Dr Abraham Joseph Vinaver (1862-1915), a Jew from Poland, was a pioneer of radiology in Serbia. He graduated from the Faculty of Medicine in Warsaw (1887), but lived and worked in abac (the Kingdom of Serbia) since 1890. Dr Abraham Joseph Vinarev - Career Development.

C-reactive protein and chitinase 3-like protein 1 as biomarkers of spatial redistribution of retinal blood vessels on digital retinal photography in patients with diabetic retinopathy.

The aim of the study was to investigate the correlation between the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and chitinase 3-like protein 1 (YKL-40) in blood samples with morpohometric parameters of retinal blood vessels in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Blood laboratory examination of 90 patients included the measurement of glycemia, HbA1C, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides and CRP. Levels of YKL-40 were detected and measured in serum by ELISA (Micro VueYKL-40 EIA Kit, Quidel Corporation, San Diego, USA).

[Medicine in notafilia--Part III].

Introduction: Notafilia is the study of paper money. Only a few countries in the world have issued banknotes with portraits of well-known scientists who brought international fame to their own people and medicine. PORTRAITS OF SCIENTISTS ON THE BANKNOTES OF YUGOSLAVIA, SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO AND SERBIA.

[Autologous serum in treatment of dry eye].

INTRODUCTION. The treatment of dry eye by autologous serum is a simple and inexpensive treatment option. It is particularly effective in severe forms of dry eye as well as for chemical eye injuries, and it is justified by the presence of essential tear components which are not found in preparations of artificial tears.

[Medicine in notafilia--part II].

Only a few countries in the world have issued banknotes featuring portraits of doctors and health workers who have made their people and medicine world famous. The hereby presented banknotes are those issued in Germany featuring the portrait of Dr. Paul Ehrlich, a Nobel laureate; the Austrian banknotes with the portrait of a Nobel laureate Dr.

Unilateral optic nerve aplasia associated with microphthalmos.

Introduction: Optic nerve aplasia is a rare developmental anomaly characterised by the congenital absence of the optic nerve, central retinal vessels and retinal ganglion cells that is seen most often in a unilaterally malformed eye.

Case Report: We reported a girl with a very rare anomaly of the eye, unilateral aplasia of the optic nerve and microphthalmia. We carried out a complete ophthalmological examination, A- and B-scan ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the orbit and brain, pediatrician, neurological examinations and karyotype determination.

Transforming growth factor beta1, matrix-metalloproteinase-2 and its tissue inhibitor in patients with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma/syndrome.

Background/aim: Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), oxidative stress and imbalance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) may play an important role in pathogenesis of pseudoexfoliation syndrome/glaucoma (PEX Sy/Gl). The aim of the study was to measure concentrations of TGF-beta1, MMP-2, TIMP-2 in the aqueous humor in the examined group, as well as to compare the biochemical findings with the following clinical parameters: degree of chamber angle pigmantation, presence of pseudoexfoliation and the value of intraocular pressure (IOP).

Methods: Aqueous samples from 30 patients with cataract, 30 patients with PEX Sy, 36 patients with PEX Gl, and 42 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) were collected during phacoemulsification cataract surgery.

Identical twins with "mirror image" anisometropia and esotropia.

Introduction: Identical twins account for 0.2% of the world population and 8% of all twins. A "mirror image" variation can be found in 25% of identical twins.

[Marie Curie, née Maria Sklodowska (1867-1934)--contribution to the development of radiology].

Marie Curie, née Maria Sklodowska, was born on November 7, 1867 in Warsaw (Poland). She suffered from leukaemia and died on June 4, 1934. She was buried with full honours at Pantheon.

[Multifocal choroidopathy syndrome--a case report].

Introduction: Multifocal choroidopathy syndromes are a group of rare disorders, which involve a primary pathologic process occurring at or near the level of the retinal pigment epithelium, with or without choriocapillaris involvement. The aetiology of multifocal choroidopathy syndrome is still unknown.

A Case Report: We present a case of multifocal choroidopathy syndrome.

[Therapeutical approach to dry eye syndrome].

Introduction: Dry eye disease or dysfunctional tear syndrome is among the most frequently established diagnoses in ophthalmology. It can be defined as a disorder of the tear film resulting in changes in the ocular surface.

Mechanisms In Development Of Dry Eye Disease: There are many factors causing dry eye and they, can be related to deficiency in any of the components of the tear film.

[Diagnostics of dry eye].

Introduction: Dry eye is a multi-factorial disease of tears and ocular surface resulting in symptoms of discomforts, vision disabilities, unstable tear film and possible damage to the ocular surface. The final diagnosis of dry eye results from collecting various data obtained in the course of several diagnostic procedures. DRY EYE - DIAGNOSTIC METHODS: Diagnosis of dry eye involves performing a series of clinical methods and laboratory tests.

[Ocular pseudoexfoliation syndrome].

Introduction: This study was aimed at providing an update on most recent developments regarding ocular and systemic manifestations and complications, clinical diagnosis and management, and molecular patophysiology of pseudoexfoliation syndrome.

Method: Review of recent literature and own clinical and laboratory studies.

Results: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome is an age-related disease in which abnormal fibrillar extracellular material is produced and accumulated in many ocular tissues.

[Laza K. Lazarević--doctor, lawyer, writer and warrior in three wars].

Introduction: Laza K. Lazarevic was born on the 13th of May, 1851 in Sabac. He died on the 11th of January, 1891 in Belgrade.

[Medicine in the notaphily].

Introduction: Apart from literature, painting and philately, some of the greatest names of medicine found their place in the field of numismatics. They popularised their people and nations, as well as the medical science worldwide. The paper exhibits banknotes with the portraits of famous and world-wide recognised people in world and national history.

Application of ultrasound in diagnosing and follow-up of endocrine orbitopathy.

Endocrine orbitopathy or ophthalmopathy is an organ-specific, genetically conditioned autoimmune disease, resulting from a thyroid disorder. It is the most common cause of unilateral and bilateral proptosis in adults. Endocrine orbitopathy occurs most frequently in women aged 30 to 50 years.

Optic disc abnormalities - diagnosis, evolution and influence on visual acuity.

Congenital abnormalities of the optic disc are not so rare. The etiology for the most of them is unknown. Visual acuity of affected eye may be minimally or severely affected, depending on the extent of lesion.

Central retinal artery occlusion in a patient with metabolic syndrome x.

Purpose: To report a case of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) in a patient with metabolic syndrome X.

Case Report: A 64 year-old-man presented with abrupt, painless, and severe loss of vision in his left eye. Indirect ophthalmoscopy disclosed signs compatible with CRAO and laboratory investigations revealed erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 74 mm/h, C-reactive protein (CRP) level of 21 mg/l, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia.