[Is individualized education for a medical students desirable? A common policy on how to handle medical students requests for individual adaptations is needed].

In Sweden, freedom of conscience for health care professionals is not legally permitted. However, requests from medical students to adjust and/or skip compulsory learning activities because of their religious and moral convictions appear to get more abundant. This creates problems when learning activities are directly related to the examination objectives stated by the Higher Education Ordinance of Sweden.

[Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) - a clinical update of knowledge].

Post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD, is a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a condition where one or more very traumatic events, that include life-threatening or extreme psychological stress, have left permanent traces of distress that induce sustained suffering.  In this clinical overview, we present current updates in diagnostic criteria and a new diagnosis of complex PTSD, and discuss the problems caused by the new PTSD diagnosis criteria partially differing in the DSM-5 and ICD-11 diagnostic manuals. Diagnostic challenges caused by symptom variations is discussed, as well as the high degree of comorbidity with other psychiatric and somatic illnesses.

[PTSD and Complex PTSD - Assessment, management and treatment].

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disruptive condition associated with great suffering. Fortunately, effective treatments are available. Assessment of children and adolescents with symptoms of PTSD is done within the child and adolescent mental health services.

Research in disaster settings: a systematic qualitative review of ethical guidelines.

Background: Conducting research during or in the aftermath of disasters poses many specific practical and ethical challenges. This is particularly the case with research involving human subjects. The extraordinary circumstances of research conducted in disaster settings require appropriate regulations to ensure the protection of human participants.

Publication ethics in biomedical journals from countries in Central and Eastern Europe.

Publication ethics is an important aspect of both the research and publication enterprises. It is particularly important in the field of biomedical science because published data may directly affect human health. In this article, we examine publication ethics policies in biomedical journals published in Central and Eastern Europe.

Medical ethics, bioethics and research ethics education perspectives in South East Europe in graduate medical education.

Ethics has an established place within the medical curriculum. However notable differences exist in the programme characteristics of different schools of medicine. This paper addresses the main differences in the curricula of medical schools in South East Europe regarding education in medical ethics and bioethics, with a special emphasis on research ethics, and proposes a model curriculum which incorporates significant topics in all three fields.

Preperitoneal approach for femoral hernia repair.

Background/aims: Although Lichtenstein's procedure is the standard procedure in surgical hernia treatment, and the role of laparoscopic hernia repair is constantly increasing, preperitoneal approach for femoral hernia repair should be equally considered.

Methodology: After the horizontal incision of transversal fascia, preperitoneal space is visualized. The hernial sac is opened and its content is placed in the abdominal cavity, or if there is a need, resection is performed.

Full trisomy 5 in a sample of spontaneous abortion and Arias Stella reaction.

Background: Historically, 50% of spontaneously expelled abortuses have been thought to be chromosomally abnormal; about 60% are trisomies. In general, trisomy 16 is the most frequent chromosomal abnormality, followed by trisomy 21 and trisomy 22. So far only 1 case of a female fetus with multiple congenital malformations associated with full trisomy 5 has been described.