When do myopia genes have their effect? Comparison of genetic risks between children and adults.

Previous studies have identified many genetic loci for refractive error and myopia. We aimed to investigate the effect of these loci on ocular biometry as a function of age in children, adolescents, and adults. The study population consisted of three age groups identified from the international CREAM consortium: 5,490 individuals aged <10 years; 5,000 aged 10-25 years; and 16,274 aged >25 years.

Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness measurements after successful retinal detachment repair with silicone oil endotamponade.

Aims: To measure peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFL) by using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients who underwent successful retinal detachment repair with silicone oil tamponade.

Methods: Sixty patients treated with pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade for retinal detachment were prospectively enrolled in a study. Peripapillary RNFL thickness was measured with a Cirrus HD-OCT at 7, 30, 90 and 180 days postoperatively, using an Optic Disc Cube 200×200 protocol.

Genome-wide association study for refractive astigmatism reveals genetic co-determination with spherical equivalent refractive error: the CREAM consortium.

To identify genetic variants associated with refractive astigmatism in the general population, meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies were performed for: White Europeans aged at least 25 years (20 cohorts, N = 31,968); Asian subjects aged at least 25 years (7 cohorts, N = 9,295); White Europeans aged <25 years (4 cohorts, N = 5,640); and all independent individuals from the above three samples combined with a sample of Chinese subjects aged <25 years (N = 45,931). Participants were classified as cases with refractive astigmatism if the average cylinder power in their two eyes was at least 1.00 diopter and as controls otherwise.

Genome-wide meta-analysis of myopia and hyperopia provides evidence for replication of 11 loci.

Refractive error (RE) is a complex, multifactorial disorder characterized by a mismatch between the optical power of the eye and its axial length that causes object images to be focused off the retina. The two major subtypes of RE are myopia (nearsightedness) and hyperopia (farsightedness), which represent opposite ends of the distribution of the quantitative measure of spherical refraction. We performed a fixed effects meta-analysis of genome-wide association results of myopia and hyperopia from 9 studies of European-derived populations: AREDS, KORA, FES, OGP-Talana, MESA, RSI, RSII, RSIII and ERF.

Nine loci for ocular axial length identified through genome-wide association studies, including shared loci with refractive error.

Refractive errors are common eye disorders of public health importance worldwide. Ocular axial length (AL) is the major determinant of refraction and thus of myopia and hyperopia. We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for AL, combining 12,531 Europeans and 8,216 Asians.

Genetic influences on plasma CFH and CFHR1 concentrations and their role in susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration.

It is a longstanding puzzle why non-coding variants in the complement factor H (CFH) gene are more strongly associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) than functional coding variants that directly influence the alternative complement pathway. The situation is complicated by tight genetic associations across the region, including the adjacent CFH-related genes CFHR3 and CFHR1, which may themselves influence the alternative complement pathway and are contained within a common deletion (CNP147) which is associated with protection against AMD. It is unclear whether this association is mediated through a protective effect of low plasma CFHR1 concentrations, high plasma CFH or both.

Genome-wide association study identifies genetic risk underlying primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is an important cause of vision loss and can potentially lead to blindness. The underlying pathogenesis is complex and incompletely understood. We applied a two-stage genetic association discovery phase followed by a replication phase in a combined total of 2833 RRD cases and 7871 controls.

New loci associated with central cornea thickness include COL5A1, AKAP13 and AVGR8.

Central corneal thickness (CCT) is a highly heritable trait, which has been proposed to influence disorders of the anterior segment of the eye. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of CCT was performed in 2269 individuals from three Croatian and one Scottish population. In the discovery set (1445 individuals), two genome-wide significant associations were identified for single nucleotide polymorphisms rs12447690 (β = 0.

Heritabilities of ocular biometrical traits in two croatian isolates with extended pedigrees.

Purpose: To assess the effects of body stature and years of education, in addition to age and sex, on six oculometric traits and to estimate the heritabilities of these quantitative traits in two Croatian cross-population studies.

Methods: Adult subjects living on the two Croatian islands of Vis and Korcula were recruited for a large epidemiologic and genetic study that included eye biometry, keratometry, and autorefraction. Effects and heritabilities were estimated by using general linear mixed models for axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), corneal curvature (CC), corneal thickness (CT), lens thickness (LT), and spherical equivalent refraction (SER).

Genome-wide association study of biochemical traits in Korcula Island, Croatia.

Aim: To identify genetic variants underlying biochemical traits--total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, albumin, and fibrinogen, in a genome-wide association study in an isolated population where rare variants of larger effect may be more easily identified.

Methods: The study included 944 adult inhabitants of the island of Korcula, as a part of larger DNA-based genetic epidemiological study in 2007. Biochemical measurements were performed in a single laboratory with stringent internal and external quality control procedures.

Common variant in myocilin gene is associated with high myopia in isolated population of Korcula Island, Croatia.

Aim: To study the association between genetic variants in myocilin and collagen type I alpha 1 genes and high myopia in an isolated island population.

Methods: A total of 944 examinees from the genetic epidemiology study conducted on the island of Korcula, Croatia, were included in the study. We selected 2 short nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) available in our genome-wide scan set of SNPs that were previously associated with high myopia and used them to replicate previous claims of possible association.

Intravitreal bevacizumab for neovascular glaucoma.

The aim of the study was to assess short-term efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab in a series of patients with neovascular glaucoma. Eleven patients with neovascular glaucoma and symptomatic elevation of intraocular pressure were treated with 1.25 mg/0.

[Ophthalmological causes of headache].

Ophthalmologic causes of headache represent a very complex and extensive problem, and very often differential diagnostic problem too. Many various reasons of headache can be caused by ophthalmologic diseases like those of anterior and posterior eye segments, acute and subacute angle closed glaucoma and orbital diseases. Headache can be caused by no or poor correction of the refraction anomalies.

[Intravitreal application of triamcinolone--our experiences].

Aim: To show the results of intravitreal application of triamcinolone used as a primary or adjuvant therapy.

Patients And Methods: We analyzed 48 patients with different ocular disorders: exudative age related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, or central retinal vein occlusion. We analyzed color fundus photography, visual acuity, fluorescein angiography and complications of intravitreal triamcinolone application.

[Pars plana vitrectomy and intravitreal triamcinolone for chronic pseudophakic cystoid macular edema].

Aim: To report on the results of pars plana vitrectomy and intravitreal triamcinolone in patients with chronic pseudophakic cystoid macular edema unresponsive to medical treatment.

Patients And Methods: A retrospective analysis of 9 eyes in 9 patients with chronic pseudophakic cystoid macular edema was performed. All patients had cystoid macular edema confirmed on fluorescein angiography, and were unresponsive to medical treatment.

[Correlation of photodynamic therapy outcome with choroidal neovascular membrane size].

Aim: To show the results of photodynamic therapy according to the size of choroidal neovascular membrane size.

Patients And Methods: A retrospective analysis included 94 patients undergoing photodynamic therapy at University Department of Ophthalmology, Sestre MilosrdniceUniversity Hospital from 2001 till 2005. There were 61 patients with age related macular degeneration (AMD) and 33 patients with high myopia.

Visual loss as initial presentation of chronic myelogenous leukemia.

A previously healthy 17-year old girl presented with sudden visual loss in both eyes. Visual acuity on the right eye was 0.3 and on the left eye 0.

Clinical importance of the lens opacities classification system III (LOCS III) in phacoemulsification.

The aim of this study was to compare the correlation of features of cataracts graded by the Lens Opacities Classification System, version III (LOCS III) with recorded operative characteristics during the phacoemulsification. The retrospective study included 245 cases operated on by a single surgeon from October 2003 to March 2004. The cataract was graded at the biomicroscope using the 4 grading scales of the lens opacities classification system, version III (LOCS III); nuclear opalescence (NO), nuclear color (CO), cortical cataract (C) and posterior subcapsular cataract (P).

Phacoemulsification and silicone oil removal through the planned posterior capsulorhexis.

The purpose of the study was to present operative technique and results of a passive hydrodynamic expression of silicone oil through planned posterior capsulorhexis during cataract surgery in patients after pars plana vitrectomy. The retrospective analysis was done on 57 eyes with cataract after a previous pars plana vitrectomy, operated on between 2001 and 2004 at the Clinical hospital "Sestre milosrdnice" Zagreb. Preoperative and postoperative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), preoperative and postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP), and postoperative complications were reviewed.

Phacoemulsification, vitrectomy and the implantation of an intraocular lens in diabetic patients.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate results of combined phacoemulsification, intraocular lens implantation and pars plana vitrectomy in patients with advanced diabetic retinopathy. We retrospectively evaluated postoperative outcomes and complications in 102 eyes of 102 patients who underwent a combined procedure. All patients had a visually significant cataract.

Postoperative outcomes after implantation of intraocular lenses in eyes with cataract and uveitis.

Despite advances in surgical technique and implant materials, cataract surgery in patients with uveitis is still a challenging procedure. We retrospectively evaluated postoperative outcomes of cataract surgery in 35 eyes of 29 patients with uveitis. Phacoemulsification with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation was performed in all eyes.

Novel approach in the treatment of intravitreal foreign body and traumatic cataract: three case reports.

We present a novel surgical technique of simultaneous traumatic cataract extraction, internal magnet removal of the intraocular foreign body, and implantation of a posterior chamber intraocular lens in the eyes of three patients with traumatic cataract and ferrous intraocular foreign body retained in the anterior part of the vitreous body. Primary corneal wound repair, cataract extraction, anterior vitrectomy, removal of the intraocular foreign body through the corneoscleral limbal incision by using intraocular magnet, and intraocular lens implantation were performed. All intraocular foreign bodies and corneal entry sites were not larger than 3 mm.