Unusually high clarithromycin resistance in subsp. isolated from human gastric epithelium.

subsp. is a rapidly growing facultative intracellular pathogen that usually infects human lung and skin epithelium. Recently, we and another group have shown that it also has the potential to colonize human gastric epithelium, but its significance with respect to gastric diseases remains unclear.

Vibrio cholerae O139 genomes provide a clue to why it may have failed to usher in the eighth cholera pandemic.

Cholera is a life-threatening infectious disease that remains an important public health issue in several low and middle-income countries. In 1992, a newly identified O139 Vibrio cholerae temporarily displaced the O1 serogroup. No study has been able to answer why the potential eighth cholera pandemic (8CP) causing V.

Human Milk Microbiome of Healthy Indian Mothers is Dominated by Genus .

Background: The composition of the human milk microbiome is highly variable and multifactorial. Milk microbiota from various countries show striking differences. There is a paucity of data from healthy lactating Indian mothers.

Trans-ethnic gut microbial signatures of prediabetic subjects from India and Denmark.

Background: Recent studies have indicated an association of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). However, large-scale investigation of the gut microbiota of "prediabetic" (PD) subjects has not been reported. Identifying robust gut microbiome signatures of prediabetes and characterizing early prediabetic stages is important for the understanding of disease development and could be crucial in early diagnosis and prevention.

Trans-ethnic gut microbiota signatures of type 2 diabetes in Denmark and India.

Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D), a multifactorial disease influenced by host genetics and environmental factors, is the most common endocrine disease. Several studies have shown that the gut microbiota as a close-up environmental mediator influences host physiology including metabolism. The aim of the present study is to examine the compositional and functional potential of the gut microbiota across individuals from Denmark and South India with a focus on T2D.

Mycobacterium abscessus infection in the stomach of patients with various gastric symptoms.

Development of gastric diseases such as gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric cancer is often associated with several biotic and abiotic factors. Helicobacter pylori infection is such a well-known biotic factor. However, not all H.

Corrigendum: Revisiting the Global Epidemiology of Cholera in Conjunction With the Genomics of .

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.

Revisiting the Global Epidemiology of Cholera in Conjuction With the Genomics of .

Toxigenic is responsible for 1.4 to 4.3 million cases with about 21,000-143,000 deaths per year.

Novel Cholera Toxin Variant and ToxT Regulon in Environmental Isolates: Potential Resources for the Evolution of Hybrid Strains.

Atypical El Tor strains of O1 harboring variant genes of cholera toxin (CT) have gradually become a major cause of recent cholera epidemics. occasionally produces CT, encoded by on CTXФ genome; toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP), a major intestinal colonization factor; and also the CTXФ-specific receptor. This study carried out extensive molecular characterization of CTXФ and ToxT regulon in -positive () strains (i.

Design and Construction of Strains That Harbor Various CTX Prophage Arrays.

Toxigenic strains arise upon infection and integration of the lysogenic cholera toxin phage, the CTX phage, into bacterial chromosomes. The serogroup O1 strains identified to date can be broadly categorized into three main groups: the classical biotype strains, which harbor CTX-cla; the prototype El Tor strains (Wave 1 strains), which harbor CTX-1; and the atypical El Tor strains, which harbor CTX-2 (Wave 2 strains) or CTX-3~6 (Wave 3 strains). The efficiencies of replication and transmission of CTX phages are similar, suggesting the possibility of existence of more diverse bacterial strains harboring various CTX phages and their arrays in nature.

Drug resistance in malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV in South East Asia: biology, programme, and policy considerations.

Malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV present unique challenges in the control of antimicrobial resistance, and require targeted policies, say

Identification of burden hotspots and risk factors for cholera in India: An observational study.

Background: Even though cholera has existed for centuries and many parts of the country have sporadic, endemic and epidemic cholera, it is still an under-recognized health problem in India. A Cholera Expert Group in the country was established to gather evidence and to prepare a road map for control of cholera in India. This paper identifies cholera burden hotspots and factors associated with an increased risk of the disease.

A novel, broad-range, CTXΦ-derived stable integrative expression vector for functional studies.

CTXΦ, a filamentous vibriophage encoding cholera toxin, uses a unique strategy for its lysogeny. The single-stranded phage genome forms intramolecular base-pairing interactions between two inversely oriented XerC and XerD binding sites (XBS) and generates a functional phage attachment site, attP(+), for integration. The attP(+) structure is recognized by the host-encoded tyrosine recombinases XerC and XerD (XerCD), which enables irreversible integration of CTXΦ into the chromosome dimer resolution site (dif) of Vibrio cholerae.

Passive immunity with multi-serotype heat-killed Shigellae in neonatal mice.

The short- and long-term passive protective efficacy of a mixture of heat-killed cells of six serogroups/serotypes of Shigella strains (Shigella dysenteriae 1, S. flexneri 2a, S. flexneri 3a, S.

The challenges and successes of implementing a sustainable antimicrobial resistance surveillance programme in Nepal.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global public health concern and its surveillance is a fundamental tool for monitoring the development of AMR. In 1998, the Nepalese Ministry of Health (MOH) launched an Infectious Disease (ID) programme. The key components of the programme were to establish a surveillance programme for AMR and to develop awareness among physicians regarding AMR and rational drug usage in Nepal.

Mass vaccination with a new, less expensive oral cholera vaccine using public health infrastructure in India: the Odisha model.

Introduction: The substantial morbidity and mortality associated with recent cholera outbreaks in Haiti and Zimbabwe, as well as with cholera endemicity in countries throughout Asia and Africa, make a compelling case for supplementary cholera control measures in addition to existing interventions. Clinical trials conducted in Kolkata, India, have led to World Health Organization (WHO)-prequalification of Shanchol, an oral cholera vaccine (OCV) with a demonstrated 65% efficacy at 5 years post-vaccination. However, before this vaccine is widely used in endemic areas or in areas at risk of outbreaks, as recommended by the WHO, policymakers will require empirical evidence on its implementation and delivery costs in public health programs.

In silico analysis of antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microflora of individuals from diverse geographies and age-groups.

The spread of antibiotic resistance, originating from the rampant and unrestrictive use of antibiotics in humans and livestock over the past few decades has emerged as a global health problem. This problem has been further compounded by recent reports implicating the gut microbial communities to act as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance. We have profiled the presence of probable antibiotic resistance genes in the gut flora of 275 individuals from eight different nationalities.

Influence of hydrologic and anthropogenic factors on the abundance variability of enteropathogens in the Ganges estuary, a cholera endemic region.

This study deals with the influence of water physico-chemical properties, tides, rainfall and fecal pollution on the abundance of enteropathogens in a main distributary of the Ganges, in the endemic cholera belt of West Bengal. Between January and June 2011, water and sediments were sampled from two sites of the Hooghly River by Kolkata and Diamond Harbour. Counts of cultivable Vibrio (CVC, from~10(2) to~10(5)CFU/L) and total bacteria (TBC, from~10(5) to~10(9)CFU/L) increased with water temperature (17°C to 37°C).

Protective immunity by oral immunization with heat-killed Shigella strains in a guinea pig colitis model.

The protective efficacy of and immune response to heat-killed cells of monovalent and hexavalent mixtures of six serogroups/serotypes of Shigella strains (Shigella dysenteriae 1, Shigella flexneri 2a, S. flexneri 3a, S. flexneri 6, Shigella boydii 4, and Shigella sonnei) were examined in a guinea pig colitis model.

Vibrio fluvialis in patients with diarrhea, Kolkata, India.

We identified 131 strains of Vibrio fluvialis among 400 nonagglutinating Vibrio spp. isolated from patients with diarrhea in Kolkata, India. For 43 patients, V.

Vibrio cholerae/mimicus in fecal microbiota of healthy children in a cholera endemic urban slum setting in Kolkata, India.

During a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled probiotic trial among 3758 children residing in an urban slum in Kolkata, India, Vibrio cholerae/mimicus was detected in fecal microbiota of healthy children. The importance of this finding in the local, regional and global transmission of cholera is discussed.

Purification and characterization of cytotoxin produced by a clinical isolate of Vibrio cholerae O54 TV113.

Vibrio cholerae O54 TV113 isolated from a diarrheal patient produces an extracellular cytotoxin that caused alteration in the morphology of Chinese hamster ovary cells manifested as cell shrinkage with intact cell boundaries and finally causing cell death. Syncase medium supplemented with lincomycin (50 μg/ml), pH 7.2, and 18 h incubation with shaking at 37 °C supported optimal cytotoxin production.

Role of Shrimp Chitin in the Ecology of Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae and Cholera Transmission.

Seasonal plankton blooms correlate with occurrence of cholera in Bangladesh, although the mechanism of how dormant Vibrio cholerae, enduring interepidemic period in biofilms and plankton, initiates seasonal cholera is not fully understood. In this study, laboratory microcosms prepared with estuarine Mathbaria water (MW) samples supported active growth of toxigenic V. cholerae O1 up to 7 weeks as opposed to 6 months when microcosms were supplemented with dehydrated shrimp chitin chips (CC) as the single source of nutrient.

Impact of climate change on health and strategies for mitigation and adaptation.

Climate change and its negative impacts on health are now globally recognized. A wide variety of diseases and health conditions - ranging from heat and radiation-related illnesses to water and vector-borne diseases, under-nutrition, respiratory and cardiac problems, drowning, injuries and mental stress arising from extreme and sudden weather events and their resultant population displacements - all have been associated with various components of changing climate. However, the exact nature and extent of such impacts are yet to be firmly established since many other non-climate factors also produce or affect similar outcomes.