Emerging role of vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for retinal venous occlusions and need for public health measures for its prevention.

Purpose: To estimate levels of serum vitamin D in patients of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and compare with age- and sex-matched controls.

Methods: A prospective case-control study of 54 patients of RVO and 54 age- and sex-matched attendants of patients presenting to a tertiary care hospital in Delhi was performed. Patients on vitamin D supplementations and RVO due to infective or immunological causes or patients of glaucoma were excluded.

Risk factors for severe rhino-orbital mucormycosis during its epidemic post-COVID-19 pandemic.

Postsecond wave of COVID-19 pandemic in the year 2021, rhino-orbital mucormycosis (ROM) was seen as an epidemic in the Indian community. Severe ROM disease has poor prognosis and requires a multidisciplinary approach for treatment. Hence, its prevention is better than cure.

Low Dose Atropine in Preventing the Progression of Childhood Myopia: A Randomised Controlled Trial.

Purpose: To study the efficacy of low dose atropine (0.01%) eye drops in preventing myopia progression in children by comparing the mean change in spherical equivalent (diopter) and axial length (mm) over a period of one year to a control group and study its effect on near vision, pupil size, keratometry and pachymetry.

Methods: 200 eyes of 100 myopic children were randomized into two groups based on a computer-generated random number table.

Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Findings in Vision-Threatening Rhino-Orbital Cerebral Mucor Mycosis-A Prospective Analysis.

Rhino-orbital cerebral mucor mycosis is a rare disease entity, where retinal involvement is described in the literature mostly as CRAO. However, pathological studies have shown mucor invading the choroid and retina with a neutrophilic reaction. So, it is pertinent that retinal inflammation secondary to invading mucor has some role in microstructural changes seen in the vitreous and retina of these patients.

Retrospective analysis of the role of retrobulbar amphotericin-B injection in the management of COVID-19 associated rhino-orbito-cerebral-mucormycosis.

Introduction: Rhino-orbito-cerebral-mucormycosis (ROCM) is the most common form of mucormycosis observed during the second wave of COVID-19 where a steep rise in the number of cases was seen. The orbital form is almost always associated with fungal sinusitis. Among the various treatment modalities available, the role of retrobulbar Amphotericin-B injections is under-reported.

Nailfold capillary changes in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients: An observational analytical study.

Introduction: Nail Fold capillaroscopy (NFC) is used to evaluate microvascular changes in the horizontally lying capillaries in the proximal nail fold. Arterial hypertension affects the microvascular beds producing structural changes. Our objective was to evaluate qualitative and quantitative NFC changes in newly diagnosed hypertensives as compared to age and sex matched normotensive controls and to determine association, if any, with microvascular changes visualized on fundoscopy.

Presenile cataract and its risk factors: A case control study.

Purpose: Early onset opacification of the lens (cataract) has been observed to be on the rise globally. This study was conducted to determine the various types of presenile cataract and to determine the probable risk factors associated with the occurrence of presenile cataract.

Materials And Methods: Patients in the age group of 18-40 years attending the Out-Patient Clinic of the Ophthalmology Department who were found to have presenile cataract were recruited as cases.

Evaluation of intravitreal bevacizumab as monotherapy and in combination with macular grid laser photocoagulation in diffuse diabetic macular edema.

Background And Objective: The objective of the study was to compare the efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) as monotherapy versus combination with modified macular grid (MMG) laser photocoagulation in the primary treatment of diffuse diabetic macular edema (DDME).

Materials And Methods: A prospective randomized trial was carried out in sixty eyes with DDME after Institutional Ethical clearance. Group A received three doses of IVB at a 1-month interval.

Comparative Evaluation of Corneal Endothelium in Diabetic Patients Undergoing Phacoemulsification.

Purpose: To determine if phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation has a greater impact on the corneal endothelium of type 2 diabetic patients as compared to nondiabetics.

Materials And Methods: This study compared the endothelial status in 60 diabetics with good glycemic control and 60 nondiabetics before and after uneventful phacoemulsification. Central corneal endothelial cell density, percentage hexagonality and percentage coefficient of variation (%CV) were measured using a specular microscope.

Comparative Evaluation of Corneal Endothelium in Patients with Diabetes Undergoing Phacoemulsification.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine if phacoemulsification with posterior chamber foldable intraocular lens implantation has a greater impact on the corneal endothelium of type 2 diabetic patients as compared to nondiabetic controls.

Materials And Methods: This study compared the corneal endothelial status in sixty patients with diabetes with good glycemic control and sixty nondiabetic controls before and after (1 week, 1 month, 2 month, and 3 month) uneventful phacoemulsification. Central corneal endothelial cell density, percentage hexagonality, and coefficient of variation were measured using a noncontact specular microscope.

Cutaneous basal cell carcinoma with mixed histology: Cytomorphological features of two unusual cases.

Cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a slow growing locally aggressive malignant tumor. It is usually diagnosed on histopathological examination of the excised biopsy. Recently, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is emerging as a simple alternative technique for rapid diagnostic work of nodular and plaque-like skin lesions.

Efficacy of Phacotrabeculectomy Alone versus Phacotrabeculectomy Augmented with Autologous Anterior Capsule Implantation Beneath the Sclera Flap.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of autologous anterior lens capsule (ALC) in phacotrabeculectomy.

Material And Methods: In this prospective, randomized case control study, after obtaining institutional ethical clearance and informed consent, 88 eyes posted for phacotrabeculectomy were divided into ALC and non-ALC groups. Combined phacoemulsification, with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation and trabeculectomy, was performed in both groups.

Limbic encephalitis: Clinical spectrum and long-term outcome from a developing country perspective.

Introduction: Limbic encephalitis (LE) is characterized by rapidly progressive short-term memory loss, psychiatric symptoms and seizures. We describe the clinical spectrum, underlying etiology and long-term follow-up of patients with LE from India.

Materials And Methods: This prospective study included patients during the period of January 2009 and December 2011 with the clinical features consistent with LE with one or more of the following: (1) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evidence of temporal lobe involvement; (2) cerebrospinal fluid inflammatory abnormalities, or (3) detection of antineuronal antibodies.

A prospective randomized double masked controlled clinical trial to determine the efficacy of multiple drop centbucridine as an ocular surface anaesthetic.

In this study, the ocular surface anaesthetic and analgesic efficacies of 0.5% and 1% centbucridine both in saline were compared with 4% lignocaine drops in distilled water in normal healthy volunteers divided into three equal groups. In 99 healthy eyes, keeping one eye as an unanaesthetized control, one drop of any of the above three coded drugs was instilled in the contralateral eye, followed by one more drop of the same drug in the same eye after 3 minutes.

Centbucridine, a newer topical anaesthetic compared with lignocaine: a randomized double masked single drop instillation clinical trial.

A randomized double-masked single drop instillation clinical trial was conducted on 60 healthy volunteers divided into 3 equal groups to compare the efficacies of centbucridine and lignocaine. One eye of each volunteer was instilled with a single drop of either 0.5% centbucridine hydrochloride, 1% centbucridine hydrochloride or 4% lignocaine hydrochloride, with the other eye as an unanaesthetized control-side effects, if any, were also recorded.