Marine Fish Movement: home range sizes for commercially relevant species.

Estimates of home range sizes for marine fishes are essential for designing and assessing the effects of spatial wildlife conservation policies and management interventions. However, in situ studies of marine species movement are challenging and often expensive, resulting in a paucity of data on the home range size of the vast majority of marine fishes. Here, we develop a set of new datasets, which we have collectively named Marine Fish Movement, that synthesises published empirically evaluated home ranges reported for adult marine fishes that interact with fisheries and leverage these data to estimate home range sizes for unstudied species.

Shallow subtidal marine benthic communities of Nachvak Fjord, Nunatsiavut, Labrador: A glimpse into species composition and drivers of their distribution.

Marine fjords along the northern Labrador coast of Arctic Canada are influenced by freshwater, nutrients, and sediment inputs from ice fields and rivers. These ecosystems, further shaped by both Atlantic and Arctic water masses, are important habitats for fishes, marine mammals, seabirds, and marine invertebrates and are vital to the Labrador Inuit who have long depended on these areas for sustenance. Despite their ecological and socio-cultural importance, these marine ecosystems remain largely understudied.

Decreased tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic positively affects reef fish in a high use marine protected area.

Humans alter ecosystems through both consumptive and non-consumptive effects. Consumptive effects occur through hunting, fishing and collecting, while non-consumptive effects occur due to the responses of wildlife to human presence. While marine conservation efforts have focused on reducing consumptive effects, managing human presence is also necessary to maintain and restore healthy ecosystems.

Trade-offs across values in cesspool management highlight challenges to policy making.

On-site Sewage Disposal Systems (OSDS) are globally common, and in Hawai'i they present a risk of contamination to drinking water sources and nearshore waters. State legislation has commanded that all cesspools are to be banned by 2050, thus requiring tens of thousands of systems to be converted in the coming decades. This project followed a participatory structured decision-making (SDM) approach to collaboratively design cost-effective and equitable solutions for thousands of cesspools in the high elevation areas of north Maui, Hawai'i.

Deep-sea biodiversity at the extremes of the Salas y Gómez and Nazca ridges with implications for conservation.

The Salas y Gómez and Nazca ridges are underwater mountain chains that stretch across 2,900 km in the southeastern Pacific and are recognized for their high biodiversity value and unique ecological characteristics. Explorations of deep-water ecosystems have been limited in this region, and elsewhere globally. To characterize community composition of mesophotic and deep-sea demersal fauna at seamounts in the region, we conducted expeditions to Rapa Nui (RN) and Salas y Gómez (SyG) islands in 2011 and Desventuradas Islands in 2013.

Marine communities of the newly created Kawésqar National Reserve, Chile: From glaciers to the Pacific Ocean.

The newly created Kawésqar National Park (KNP) and National Reserve (KNR) in southern Chile consists of diverse terrestrial and marine habitats, which includes the southern terminus of the Andes, the Southern Patagonia Ice Fields, sub-Antarctic rainforests, glaciers, fjords, lakes, wetlands, valleys, channels, and islands. The marine environment is influenced by wide ranging hydrological factors such as glacier melt, large terrigenous inputs, high precipitation, strong currents, and open ocean water masses. Owing to the remoteness, rugged terrain, and harsh environmental conditions, little is known about this vast region, particularly the marine realm.

Protecting the global ocean for biodiversity, food and climate.

The ocean contains unique biodiversity, provides valuable food resources and is a major sink for anthropogenic carbon. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are an effective tool for restoring ocean biodiversity and ecosystem services, but at present only 2.7% of the ocean is highly protected.

A global network of marine protected areas for food.

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are conservation tools that are increasingly implemented, with growing national commitments for MPA expansion. Perhaps the greatest challenge to expanded use of MPAs is the perceived trade-off between protection and food production. Since MPAs can benefit both conservation and fisheries in areas experiencing overfishing and since overfishing is common in many coastal nations, we ask how MPAs can be designed specifically to improve fisheries yields.

Kelp forests at the end of the earth: 45 years later.

The kelp forests of southern South America are some of the least disturbed on the planet. The remoteness of this region has, until recently, spared it from many of the direct anthropogenic stressors that have negatively affected these ecosystems elsewhere. Re-surveys of 11 locations at the easternmost extent of Tierra del Fuego originally conducted in 1973 showed no significant differences in the densities of adult and juvenile Macrocystis pyrifera kelp or kelp holdfast diameter between the two survey periods.

Decision analysis to support wastewater management in coral reef priority area.

A cocktail of land-based sources of pollution threatens coral reef ecosystems, and addressing these has become a key management and policy challenge in the State of Hawai'i, other US territories, and globally. In West Maui, Hawai'i, nearly one quarter of all living corals were lost between 1995 and 2008. Onsite disposal systems (OSDS) for sewage leak contaminants into drinking water sources and nearshore waters.

A linked land-sea modeling framework to inform ridge-to-reef management in high oceanic islands.

Declining natural resources have led to a cultural renaissance across the Pacific that seeks to revive customary ridge-to-reef management approaches to protect freshwater and restore abundant coral reef fisheries. Effective ridge-to-reef management requires improved understanding of land-sea linkages and decision-support tools to simultaneously evaluate the effects of terrestrial and marine drivers on coral reefs, mediated by anthropogenic activities. Although a few applications have linked the effects of land cover to coral reefs, these are too coarse in resolution to inform watershed-scale management for Pacific Islands.

Effects of Gear Restriction on the Abundance of Juvenile Fishes along Sandy Beaches in Hawai'i.

In 2007, due to growing concerns of declines in nearshore fisheries in Hawai'i, a ban on gillnets was implemented in designated areas around the island of O'ahu in the main Hawaiian Islands. Utilizing a 17 year time-series of juvenile fish abundance beginning prior to the implementation of the gillnet ban, we examined the effects of the ban on the abundance of juveniles of soft-bottom associated fish species. Using a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) sampling design, we compared the abundance of targeted fishery species in a bay where gillnet fishing was banned (Kailua, O'ahu), and an adjacent bay where fishing is still permitted (Waimānalo, O'ahu).

Fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of the follicular variant of papillary carcinoma.

Background: The follicular variant of papillary carcinoma (FVPC) presents significant diagnostic difficulty using fine-needle aspiration (FNA). Diagnoses by FNA vary considerably and usually are categorized as follicular proliferations.

Methods: Conventional Papanicolaou, Diff-Quik, and hematoxylin and eosin stained FNAs from 16 cases of histologically confirmed FVPC were examined retrospectively.

Gastrointestinal tattoos.

Tattooing of the gastrointestinal tract is used to facilitate the relocation of biopsy sites or other sites of interest at the time of subsequent biopsy or surgery. Submucosal injection of sterile india ink produces a zone of blue-black coloration that is grossly visible from both the mucosal and serosal surfaces. The pathology of gastrointestinal tattoos has only been briefly mentioned previously in the medical literature.

Establishment of cell lines from B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

In an attempt to establish permanent cell lines from children with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL), 123 clinical samples from 117 patients were cultured in vitro. Using a method which was successful for the growth of ALL with T-cell phenotype, 3% (2/74) of BCP-ALL samples from patients at diagnosis and 31% (9/29) of BCP-ALL samples from patients at relapse were established as cell lines. However, in most cultures, leukemic cells survived for only a few weeks and the majority of viable cells present after 28 days of culture were esterase-positive mononuclear cells.

Characterization of a CD34+ cell line established from a child with large cell cutaneous lymphoma.

Background: Lymphoma presenting with skin involvement has heterogeneous morphology and rarely is seen in children. To study the pathogenesis of this disease, lymphoma cells from a child with B-cell large cell lymphoma of the skin were cultured in vitro.

Methods: Lymphoma cells cultured on a feeder layer under hypoxic conditions grew in vitro after a latency period of 2 weeks.

Alteration of Escherichia coli murein during amino acid starvation.

We have studied the mechanisms by which amino acid starvation of Escherichia coli induces resistance against the lytic and bactericidal effects of penicillin. Starvation of E. coli strain W7 of the amino acids lysine or methionine resulted in the rapid development of resistance to autolytic cell wall degradation, which may be effectively triggered in growing bacteria by a number of chemical or physical treatments.