Embryo-fetal exposure and developmental outcome of lenalidomide following oral administration to pregnant cynomolgus monkeys.

Lenalidomide is an immunomodulatory drug and is very effective in the management of a number of malignancies, including multiple myeloma. Like thalidomide, lenalidomide interacts with the cereblon E3 ligase complex, which results in targeted destruction of proteins. This study was conducted to study the teratogenic potential of lenalidomide when administered to pregnant cynomolgus monkeys.

Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion, In Vitro Pharmacology, and Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Ozanimod, a Novel Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Modulator.

Ozanimod is approved for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of ozanimod were investigated after a single oral dose of 1.0 mg [C]ozanimod hydrochloride to six healthy subjects.

SALL4 mediates teratogenicity as a thalidomide-dependent cereblon substrate.

Targeted protein degradation via small-molecule modulation of cereblon offers vast potential for the development of new therapeutics. Cereblon-binding therapeutics carry the safety risks of thalidomide, which caused an epidemic of severe birth defects characterized by forelimb shortening or phocomelia. Here we show that thalidomide is not teratogenic in transgenic mice expressing human cereblon, indicating that binding to cereblon is not sufficient to cause birth defects.

Application of a "Fit for Purpose" PBPK Model to Investigate the CYP3A4 Induction Potential of Enzalutamide.

Background: Oncology therapy typically involves drug combinations since monotherapy seldom provides the desired outcome. But combination therapy presents the potential for drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Due to the narrow window between therapeutic concentrations and onset of toxicity often observed with oncology therapeutics, managing DDIs with combination therapy in cancer is critical.

Metabolism and disposition of a potent and selective JNK inhibitor [14C]tanzisertib following oral administration to rats, dogs and humans.

1. The disposition of tanzisertib [(1S,4R)-4-(9-((S)tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-8-(2,4,6-trifluorophenylamino)-9H-purin-2-ylamino) cyclohexanol], a potent, orally active c-Jun amino-terminal kinase inhibitor intended for treatment of fibrotic diseases was studied in rats, dogs and humans following a single oral dose of [(14)C]tanzisertib (Independent Investigational Review Board Inc., Plantation, FL).

In vitro metabolism of a novel JNK inhibitor tanzisertib: interspecies differences in oxido-reduction and characterization of enzymes involved in metabolism.

1. In vitro metabolism of Tanzisertib [(1S,4R)-4-(9-((S)tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-8-(2,4,6-trifluorophenylamino)-9H-purin-2-ylamino) cyclohexanol], a potent, selective c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor, was investigated in mouse, rat, rabbit, dog, monkey and human hepatocytes over 4 h. The extent of metabolism of [(14)C]tanzisertib was variable, with <10% metabolized in dog and human, <20% metabolized in rabbit and monkey and >75% metabolized in rat and mouse.

Embryo-fetal exposure and developmental outcome of thalidomide following oral and intravaginal administration to pregnant rabbits.

Studies in pregnant rabbits were conducted to evaluate if there are any differences in the uptake of thalidomide into the intrauterine compartment and developmental toxicity risk following oral and intravaginal administration. Thalidomide concentrations in maternal plasma, yolk sac cavity (YSC) fluid and embryo following intravaginal administration were 2- to 7-fold lower than their respective levels after oral administration. Ratios of thalidomide concentration in YSC fluid to maternal plasma were similar between these two routes, indicating no difference in uptake into the intrauterine compartment.

Modeling and simulation to probe the pharmacokinetic disposition of pomalidomide R- and S-enantiomers.

Pomalidomide, a potent novel immunomodulatory agent, has been developed as a racemic mixture of its R- and S-isomers. Pharmacokinetic (PK) analyses were conducted to determine the PK disposition of the isomers from their PK profiles in humans and monkeys. Modeling and simulation were performed to describe the observed PK profiles and explore potential differences in isomer disposition and exposure.

No clinically significant drug interactions between lenalidomide and P‑glycoprotein substrates and inhibitors: results from controlled phase I studies in healthy volunteers.

Purpose: Lenalidomide, a weak substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in vitro, is an oral anticancer drug eliminated predominantly via renal excretion as unchanged compound. The role of P-gp in lenalidomide disposition and the associated clinical relevance were evaluated.

Methods: Two phase I, crossover studies were conducted in healthy volunteers.

The interactions of lenalidomide with human uptake and efflux transporters and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1: lack of potential for drug-drug interactions.

Purpose: Lenalidomide is an immunomodulatory agent used for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes and multiple myeloma. Renal clearance of lenalidomide is the predominant elimination route and is approximately twofold greater than the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), suggesting the potential contribution of an active secretory mechanism. In vitro studies were conducted to examine whether lenalidomide is a substrate of drug transporters, namely P-glycoprotein (P-gp), human breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), multidrug resistance proteins (MRP1, MRP2, MRP3), organic anion transporters (OAT1, OAT3), organic cation transporters (OCT1 and OCT2), human organic cation transporter novel 1 and 2 (OCTN1 and OCTN2), multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE1) and organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1B1).

Absorption, metabolism and excretion of [14C]pomalidomide in humans following oral administration.

Purpose: To investigate the pharmacokinetics and disposition of [(14)C]pomalidomide following a single oral dose to healthy male subjects.

Methods: Eight subjects were administered a single 2 mg oral suspension of [(14)C]pomalidomide. Blood (plasma), urine and feces were collected.

Discovery of dehydro-oxopiperazine acetamides as novel bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists with enhanced in vitro potency.

In a series of bradykinin B1 antagonists, we discovered that replacement of oxopiperazine acetamides with dehydro-oxopiperazine acetamides provided compounds with enhanced activity against the B1 receptor. The synthesis and SAR leading to potent analogs with reduced molecular weight will be discussed.

Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and excretion of [(14)C]-lenalidomide following oral administration in healthy male subjects.

Purpose: Assessment of the absorption, metabolism and excretion of [(14)C]-lenalidomide in healthy male subjects following a single oral dose.

Methods: Six healthy male subjects were administered a single 25 mg oral suspension dose of [(14)C]-lenalidomide. Blood (plasma), semen and excreta were collected.

Disposition, metabolism and mass balance of [(14)C]apremilast following oral administration.

Apremilast is a novel, orally available small molecule that specifically inhibits PDE4 and thus modulates multiple pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, and is currently under clinical development for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. The pharmacokinetics and disposition of [(14)C]apremilast was investigated following a single oral dose (20 mg, 100 μCi) to healthy male subjects. Approximately 58% of the radioactive dose was excreted in urine, while faeces contained 39%.

3-Oxo-2-piperazinyl acetamides as potent bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of pain and inflammation.

The discovery of novel and highly potent oxopiperazine based B1 receptor antagonists is described. Compared to the previously described arylsulfonylated (R)-3-amino-3-phenylpropionic acid series, the current compounds showed improved in vitro potency and metabolic stability. Compound 17, 2-((2R)-1-((4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl)-3-oxo-2-piperazinyl)-N-((1R)-6-(1-piperidinylmethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl)acetamide, showed EC(50) of 10.

Aryl sulfonamides containing tetralin allylic amines as potent and selective bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists.

The bradykinin B1 receptor has been shown to mediate pain response and is rapidly induced upon injury. Blocking this receptor may provide a promising treatment for inflammation and pain. We previously reported tetralin benzyl amines as potent B1 antagonists.

In vitro assessment of cytochrome P450 inhibition and induction potential of azacitidine.

Purpose: To assess the potential inhibitory and inductive effects of azacitidine on cytochrome P450 isozymes in vitro.

Methods: The inhibitory effects of azacitidine on various CYP isozymes were determined in human liver microsomes. In addition, the ability of azacitidine to induce CYP enzymes in cultured human hepatocytes was evaluated.

In vitro and in vivo induction of cytochrome p450: a survey of the current practices and recommendations: a pharmaceutical research and manufacturers of america perspective.

Cytochrome P450 (P450) induction is one of the factors that can affect the pharmacokinetics of a drug molecule upon multiple dosing, and it can result in pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions with coadministered drugs causing potential therapeutic failures. In recent years, various in vitro assays have been developed and used routinely to assess the potential for drug-drug interactions due to P450 induction. There is a desire from the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agencies to harmonize assay methodologies, data interpretation, and the design of clinical drug-drug interaction studies.

In vitro metabolism of the novel, highly selective oral angiogenesis inhibitor motesanib diphosphate in preclinical species and in humans.

Motesanib diphosphate is a novel, investigational, highly selective oral inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinases vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1, 2, and 3, the platelet-derived growth factor receptor, and the stem cell factor receptor (Kit). The in vitro metabolic profiles of [(14)C]motesanib were examined by using microsomes and hepatocytes from preclinical species and humans. Several oxidative metabolites were observed and characterized by tandem mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and coinjection with authentic standards.

Lenalidomide: in vitro evaluation of the metabolism and assessment of cytochrome P450 inhibition and induction.

Purpose: To assess the potential for drug-drug interactions between lenalidomide and substrates and inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes.

Methods: In vitro metabolism of lenalidomide by human liver microsomes, recombinant human CYPs and human hepatocytes was evaluated. The inhibitory and inductive effects of lenalidomide on the CYP activities were evaluated in human liver microsomes and cultured human hepatocytes, respectively.

Aryl sulfones as novel bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists for treatment of chronic pain.

We report the development of aryl sulfones as Bradykinin B1 receptor antagonists. Variation of the linker region identified diol 23 as a potent B1 antagonist, while modifications of the aryl moiety led to compound 26, both of which were efficacious in rabbit biochemical challenge and pain models.

Inflammatory pain in the rabbit: a new, efficient method for measuring mechanical hyperalgesia in the hind paw.

The discovery of novel analgesic compounds that target some receptors can be challenging due to species differences in ligand pharmacology. If a putative analgesic compound has markedly lower affinity for rodent versus other mammalian orthologs of a receptor, the evaluation of antinociceptive efficacy in non-rodent species becomes necessary. Here, we describe a new, efficient method for measuring inflammation-associated nociception in conscious rabbits.

Pharmacokinetics of lenalidomide in subjects with various degrees of renal impairment and in subjects on hemodialysis.

The present study investigated the effect of renal impairment and hemodialysis on the pharmacokinetics of lenalidomide following a single 25-mg oral dose in 30 subjects aged 39 to 76 years. A single 25-mg dose was well tolerated by renally impaired subjects. Renal impairment did not alter the oral absorption, protein binding, or nonrenal elimination of lenalidomide.