Recurrent mucosal leishmaniasis of the epiglottis in an immunosuppressed patient.

Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite and are known more than 20 species(1) harmful for men. A 74-year-old man, with sarcoidosis treated with methotrexate and corticoid, was assessed, in 2021, by an ENT specialist due to dysphagia, dysphonia, and odynophagia with a 5-year evolution and progressive worsening. A biopsy of the right vocal cord and epiglottis was performed, and the histology demonstrated the presence of amastigotes in the tissues coloured by Giemsa making the diagnosis of Leishmaniasis.

Guillain-Barré syndrome as the first presentation of human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Aim: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) development has reduced the severity of neurological complications of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but they remain prevalent and need prompt recognition. Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) is a rare complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection that may appear at any stage of the disease. In this case, AIDP represents a late presentation of HIV infection.

Benefits of Outdoor Sports in Blue Spaces. The Case of School Nautical Activities in Viana do Castelo.

Participating in outdoor sports in blue spaces is recognized to produce a range of significant social benefits. This case study empirically analyzes the social benefits associated with the School Nautical Activities project carried out in Viana do Castelo (Portugal) in school-age children and adolescents. It consisted of a 4 year program in which scholars took part in nautical activities (surfing, rowing, sailing, and canoeing) in blue spaces once a week during a semester as a part of their physical education course.

Occult hepatitis B infection by a recombinant D/C virus in an immunosuppressed patient.

Approximately 300 million people worldwide were living with chronic hepatitis B virus infection as of 2016, however, this number does not account for those who might be living with occult hepatitis B virus infection due to difficulty diagnosing this condition. The multiple genotypes and the ability of the hepatitis B virus to acquire mutations that down-regulate its expression make occult hepatitis B virus infection a very elusive diagnosis. This is especially worrisome when there is a need to start immunosuppressive therapies, since there is a risk of reactivation in undiagnosed patients.

Acute retinal necrosis by herpes simplex virus type 1: an unusual presentation of a primary infection.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) can affect the central nervous system causing meningitis, encephalitis and, rarely, acute retinal necrosis. We present a case of a 46-year-old man, previously healthy complaining of a 5-day persistent headache and sudden loss of vision of his left eye that progressed to the right. We started ceftriaxone, methylprednisolone and acyclovir for suspected encephalitis with vasculitis.

Scrofuloderma: A Diagnosis to Bear in Mind in the Western World.

The incidence of tuberculosis has been increasing worldwide. Contrarily, a recent decrease in Portugal has been reported. Cutaneous tuberculosis comprises a low percentage of all cases.