None of us are prepared unless all of us are prepared: research for the next health shock must be inclusive and equitable.

Rich countries like the UK will need to match rhetoric with investment and action at home and internationally to ensure global health security and resilience to health shocks, write

Scarce quality assurance documentation in major clinical trial registries for approved medicines used in post-marketing clinical trials.

Background: This research reviewed major Clinical Trial Registries (CTRs) and assessed the availability of fields on quality assurance for approved medicines used as Investigational Medicinal Products (IMPs) in phase IV clinical trials.

Methods: Two reviewers independently assessed CTRs of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICJME) and of World Health Organization (WHO) platforms. Each CTR was checked by two reviewers on availability of fields on brand name, manufacturer's name, approval status, approving authority, compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices, and quality testing.

The Chicago Health Corps: strengthening communities through structured volunteer service.

The Chicago Health Corps is an AmeriCorps*USA program, established in 1994 by the Corporation for National Service in partnership with the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) of the U.S. Public Health Service.

Partial purification of a putative membrane bound androgen binding protein in the dog cauda epididymis.

1. An androgen binding protein(s) has been partially purified from cell plasma membranes of dog epididymides. 2.

In vitro metabolism of progesterone by peripheral blood of rock hyrax (Procavia capensis).

In vitro metabolism of progesterone by hyrax whole blood, erythrocytes, or plasma in the presence or absence of NADPH was investigated. In the presence of NADPH, whole blood metabolized progesterone to 5 alpha-pregnanedione and 5 beta-pregnanedione, but in the absence of NADPH, only 5 beta-pregnanedione was produced. Erythrocytes in the presence and the absence of NADPH produced only 5 beta-pregnanedione.

Effect of African trypanosomiasis on plasma cortisol and thyroxine concentration in goats.

Changes in plasma cortisol and thyroxine (T4) levels were measured weekly in female goats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense. Values for plasma cortisol (range 10 to 25 nmol litre-1) and T4 (range 65 to 120 nmol litre-1) were within normal ranges in all goats before infection and in control animals throughout the 24 weeks of study. Cortisol/T4 ratios of 0.

Trypanosome-induced increase in prostaglandin F(2alpha) and its relationship with corpus luteum function in the goat.

Plasma progesterone and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto Prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGFM) were measured in normal (uninfected) and Trypanosoma congolense -infected adult goats for a period of 121 d, from May to August, during the breeding season in Kenya. Chronic trypanosomiasis rapidly increased the baseline plasma PGFM levels and the occurrence of irregular PGFM peaks in several infected goats. Progesterone luteal levels declined rapidly from the second and subsequent cycles post patency.

Comparative trypanotolerance of the small east African breed of goats from different localities to Trypanosoma congolense infection.

Differences in susceptibility of the Small East African breed of goats to an experimental Trypanosoma congolense infection were investigated. The goats were obtained from different areas of East Africa, Morogoro and Arusha (Tanzania), Imbo and Lambwe Valley (Kenya). Morogoro goats were found to be more tolerant, followed by Arusha, Lambwe Valley and Imbo goats, in that order.

Trypanosome-induced depression of plasma thyroxine. Levels in prepubertal and adult female goats.

Changes in plasma T4 levels were investigated in prepubertal and adult female goats during the course of an experimental Trypanosoma congolense infection. A significant decline in the T4 levels was observed within 1 week of trypanosome challenge. The levels remained low up to the end of the 7th weeks when prepubertal goats received a trypanocidal treatment, whereafter the values started to rise to normal pre-infection values.

Trypanosome-induced ovarian dysfunction. Evidence of higher residual fertility in trypanotolerant small East African goats.

Changes in the length of oestrous cycles, plasma progesterone and oestradiol-17 beta levels were monitored for 6 months in Trypanosoma congolense-infected normocyclic small East African goats obtained from three tsetse-endemic areas and one tsetse-free area of East Africa. Irregular oestrous cycles were observed in all infected goats, before cessation at the second cycle post-infection in the more susceptible and fourth cycle in the more resistant goat groups. A significant decline in the progesterone and oestradiol-17 beta parameters were observed.

Depression of ovarian function and plasma progesterone and estradiol-17 beta in female goats chronically infected with Trypanosoma congolense.

Adult normocyclic female goats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma congolense developed irregular and shorter estrous cycles before complete cessation at the fourth cycle post-infection. This was followed within a month by a decline in the mean plasma progesterone and estradiol-17 beta levels. The peak luteal progesterone as well as pre-ovulatory estradiol-17 beta level declined progressively from the second to the fourth cycle post-infection.

Effect of chronic experimental Trypanosoma congolense infection on the ovaries, pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands in female goats.

Changes in the ovaries, pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands in Small East African normally cycling female goats chronically infected with Trypanosoma congolense are described. Marked fibrosis of the ovaries, a decrease in the number of primordial and primary follicles and atresia of growing follicles at the tertiary stage resulting in lack of corpora lutea were observed. The pituitary glands revealed reduced degranulation of the basophils and slight hypertrophy of the acidophils.

Effects of prolactin on steroidogenesis by human luteal cells in culture.

We have examined the effects of prolactin (PRL) on progesterone (P) and estradiol (E2) synthesis by cells obtained from human corpora lutea of early and midluteal phases. The cells were cultured in the presence or absence of low (200 mIU/l) or high levels (1000 mIU/l) of PRL. Basal P, but not E2 was significantly (P less than 0.

Effects of intravulvo-submucosal cloprostenol injections on hormonal profiles and fertility in subestrous cattle.

Eighty-two subestrous cattle were treated with different doses of cloprostenol through intramuscular (i.m.) and intravulvo-submucosal (i.

Plasma testosterone in Trypanosoma congolense-infected Toggernburg goats.

Trypanosomiasis induces histological testicular degenerative changes leading to suppression of spermatogenesis in goats and laboratory animals. We present evidence associating these changes with trypanosome-induced endocrine dysfunction. Toggenburg goats were infected with approximately 100,000 trypanosomes.

Effects of cobalt deficiency on the ovarian function in the East African short-horned goat.

24 normocyclic East African short-horned goats were made vitamin B12-deficient through feeding cobalt-deficient Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay. The deficiency was confirmed by controls of the blood level, by the occurrence of anaemia, by increased cortisol levels, and by hypertrophy of the fasciculata and reticulata zones in the adrenal cortex. The oestrogen level increased initially, and then decreased markedly from the 3rd cycle on, and reached levels below those of the control.

The influence of cobalt/vitamin B12 deficiency as a "stressor" affecting adrenal cortex and ovarian activities in goats.

Twenty 1.5 to 2-year old goats were made vitamin B12 deficient by feeding them cobalt-deficient diets for 23 weeks in order to determine the effects of a progressive deficiency on ovarian and adrenal cortex activities. At 1-day intervals, blood samples were collected for haematological study and plasma for vitamin B12, progesterone and corticosteroid radioimmunoassays.

Electron microscopic study of the chorioallantoic placenta of the rock hyrax (Heterohyrax brucei).

The interhaemal membrane consisted of only two cellular elements: a single layer of cellular trophoblast and the fetal capillary endothelium. The hyrax is therefore one of the few mammals known to possess the cellular haemomonochorial type of placenta. The trophospongium was also cellular while the basal trophoblastic cells were strongly phagocytic.

Endocrine patterns associated with puberty in male and female cattle.

In four studies secretion patterns of LH, FSH, prolactin, testosterone and progesterone were measured in male and female cattle to determine endocrine changes associated with sexual maturation. Two periods of increasing gonadotrophin secretion were observed, the second one coinciding with puberty. A short luteal phase of 8-12 days precedes the first oestrus at 10-11 or 14 months of age.

Plasma vitamin B12 and reproductive performance of cows on cobalt-deficient pastures in the Rift Valley of Kenya.

Plasma vitamin B12 and glucose in beef and dairy cattle were determined in a well-managed and poorly-managed farm in the cobalt-deficient pastures of the Naivasha area of the Rift Valley of Kenya. These values were compared to those obtained in a well-managed farm from cobalt-replete pastures outside the Rift Valley. Whilst plasma vitamin B12 from the well-managed farm in the Rift Valley (371 +/- 20 pg/ml) were comparable to those from the cobalt-replete pastures (288 +/- 19 pg/ml), those from the poorly-managed farm were significantly lower (156 +/- 13 pg/ml, P less than 0.

Relationships between short-term variations of LH, FSH, prolactin and testosterone in peripheral plasma of prepubertal bulls.

In 2 prepubertal bulls 10-min blood samples collected during a 24-h period showed that gonadotrophin and testosterone peaks occurred regularly at intervals of 6h in one animal and 8h in the other. There was a clear relationship between the LH, FSH and testosterone peaks. The increase of gonadotrophin levels was followed 20 +/- 6 (s.