The two coin sides of bacterial extracellular membrane nanovesicles: atherosclerosis trigger or remedy.

Among the numerous driving forces that cause the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), pathogenic bacterial extracellular membrane nanovesicles (BEMNs) containing toxins and virulence factors appear to be the key trigger of inflammation and atherogenesis, the major processes involved in the pathogenesis of ASCVD. Since BEMNs are the carriers of nanosized biomolecules to distant sites, they are now being considered as a novel drug delivery system. Nowadays, many therapeutic strategies are used to treat ASCVD.

The role of metabolic disorders in the development of atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis is initiated by endothelial activation, followed by a cascade of events (accumulation of lipids, fibrous elements, and calcification) triggering vasoconstriction and activation of inflammatory pathways. This review focuses on the various stages in the development of atherosclerosis, ranging from endothelial dysfunction to plaque rupture.

[Evolution of surgical approaches to carotid bifurcation].

Carotid endarterectomy is preferable for prevention of acute cerebrovascular accident associated with atherosclerotic lesions of internal carotid artery. Modern interest in minimizing local complications and small excisions is also actual in carotid surgery. The authors review the modern literature data on evolution of carotid arteries exposure.

[Superior mesenteric artery aneurysm].

We report surgical treatment of 4 patients with superior mesenteric artery aneurysm. A comprehensive examination including Doppler ultrasound and CT angiography of visceral arteries made it possible to assess the features of vascular anatomy. In accordance with the peculiarities of upper mesenteric artery angioarchitectonics, open and endovascular methods were used.

[Modern conceptions on neck paragangliomas].

Neck paragangliomas are orphan diseases with incidence 1:30 000-1:100 000. Life expectancy is poor in patients with distant metastasis (5-year overall survival 11.8%), whereas 5-year overall survival in patients with regional metastasis is 76.

Somatic Mutation Profiling in Head and Neck Paragangliomas.

Context: Head and neck paragangliomas (HNPGLs) are rare neoplasms with a high degree of heritability. Paragangliomas present as polygenic diseases caused by combined alterations in multiple genes; however, many driver changes remain unknown.

Objective: The objective of the study was to analyze somatic mutation profiles in HNPGLs.

Case Report: Genetic Alterations Associated with the Progression of Carotid Paraganglioma.

Paragangliomas (PGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors that can develop from any paraganglion across the body. The carotid body is the most often location of PGLs in the head and neck region. Carotid PGLs (CPGLs) are characterized by predominantly non-aggressive behavior; however, all tumors have the potential to metastasize.

Mutation Frequency in Main Susceptibility Genes Among Patients With Head and Neck Paragangliomas.

Head and neck paragangliomas (HNPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors that have a high degree of heritability and are predominantly associated with mutations in ten genes, such as , and . Elucidating the mutation prevalence is crucial for the development of genetic testing. In this study, we identified pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in the main susceptibility genes in 102 Russian patients with HNPGLs (82 carotid and 23 vagal paragangliomas) using whole exome sequencing.

Immunohistochemistry and Mutation Analysis of Genes in Carotid Paragangliomas.

Carotid paragangliomas (CPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors often associated with mutations in genes. The immunohistochemistry of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) subunits has been considered a useful instrument for the prediction of mutations in paragangliomas/pheochromocytomas. We compared the mutation status of genes with the immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of SDH subunits in CPGLs.

Mutation profiling in eight cases of vagal paragangliomas.

Background: Vagal paragangliomas (VPGLs) belong to a group of rare head and neck neuroendocrine tumors. VPGLs arise from the vagus nerve and are less common than carotid paragangliomas. Both diagnostics and therapy of the tumors raise significant challenges.

Multiple paragangliomas: a case report.

Background: Carotid and vagal paragangliomas (CPGLs and VPGLs) are rare neoplasms that arise from the paraganglia located at the bifurcation of carotid arteries and vagal trunk, respectively. Both tumors can occur jointly as multiple paragangliomas accounting for approximately 10 to 20% of all head and neck paragangliomas. However, molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of multiple paragangliomas remain elusive.

Novel potential causative genes in carotid paragangliomas.

Background: Carotid paragangliomas (CPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors that arise from the paraganglion at the bifurcation of the carotid artery and are responsible for approximately 65% of all head and neck paragangliomas. CPGLs can occur sporadically or along with different hereditary tumor syndromes. Approximately 30 genes are known to be associated with CPGLs.

Mutational load in carotid body tumor.

Background: Carotid body tumor (CBT) is a rare neoplasm arising from paraganglion located near the bifurcation of the carotid artery. There is great intra-tumor heterogeneity, and CBT development could be associated with both germline and somatic allelic variants. Studies on the molecular genetics of CBT are limited, and the molecular mechanisms of its pathogenesis are not fully understood.

Exome analysis of carotid body tumor.

Background: Carotid body tumor (CBT) is a form of head and neck paragangliomas (HNPGLs) arising at the bifurcation of carotid arteries. Paragangliomas are commonly associated with germline and somatic mutations involving at least one of more than thirty causative genes. However, the specific functionality of a number of these genes involved in the formation of paragangliomas has not yet been fully investigated.

Molecular markers of paragangliomas/pheochromocytomas.

Paragangliomas/pheochromocytomas comprise rare tumors that arise from the extra-adrenal paraganglia, with an incidence of about 2 to 8 per million people each year. Approximately 40% of cases are due to genetic mutations in at least one out of more than 30 causative genes. About 25-30% of pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas develop under the conditions of a hereditary tumor syndrome a third of which are caused by mutations in the VHL gene.