Bayesian modeling of microwave radiometer calibration on the example of the Wendelstein 7-X electron cyclotron emission diagnostic.

This paper reports about a novel approach to the absolute intensity calibration of an electron cyclotron emission (ECE) spectroscopy system. Typically, an ECE radiometer consists of tens of separated frequency channels corresponding to different plasma locations. An absolute calibration of the overall diagnostic including near plasma optics and transmission line is achieved with blackbody sources at LN temperature and room temperature via a hot/cold calibration mirror unit.

Publisher Correction: Triparental plants provide direct evidence for polyspermy induced polyploidy.

This Article contained errors in Fig. 3 that were brought to our attention by the authors during the production process but, inadvertently, were not corrected before publication. The tick marks on the y-axis in panels b, f, and k, and the median line in the box-and-whisker plot for biparental diploid plants (BP) in panel i were shifted downwards by up to 2 mm.

Key results from the first plasma operation phase and outlook for future performance in Wendelstein 7-X.

The first physics operation phase on the stellarator experiment Wendelstein 7-X was successfully completed in March 2016 after about 10 weeks of operation. Experiments in this phase were conducted with five graphite limiters as the primary plasma-facing components. Overall, the results were beyond the expectations published shortly before the start of operation [Sunn Pedersen , Nucl.

Triparental plants provide direct evidence for polyspermy induced polyploidy.

It is considered an inviolable principle that sexually reproducing organisms have no more than two parents and fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm (polyspermy) is lethal in many eukaryotes. In flowering plants polyspermy has remained a hypothetical concept, due to the lack of tools to unambiguously identify and trace this event. We established a high-throughput polyspermy detection assay, which uncovered that supernumerary sperm fusion does occur in planta and can generate viable polyploid offspring.