Association between glucose dips and the feeling of hunger in a dietary intervention study among students with early and late chronotype-secondary analysis of a randomized cross-over nutrition trial.

Consumption of foods with high glycaemic index (GI) can cause hyperglycemia, thus increasing postprandial hunger. Since circadian rhythm differs inter-individually, we describe glucose dips after breakfast/dinner with high/medium estimated meal GI among students with early (n = 22) and late chronotype (n = 23) and examine their relation to the feeling of hunger in a secondary analysis of a randomized cross-over nutrition trial. Glucose dips reflect the difference between the lowest glucose value recorded 2-3 h postprandially and baseline, presented as percentage of average baseline level.

Glycemic response to meals with a high glycemic index differs between morning and evening: a randomized cross-over controlled trial among students with early or late chronotype.

Purpose: Glycemic response to the same meal depends on daytime and alignment of consumption with the inner clock, which has not been examined by individual chronotype yet. This study examined whether the 2-h postprandial and 24-h glycemic response to a meal with high glycemic index (GI) differ when consumed early or late in the day among students with early or late chronotype.

Methods: From a screening of 327 students aged 18-25 years, those with early (n = 22) or late (n = 23) chronotype participated in a 7-day randomized controlled cross-over intervention study.

Association of dietary patterns with diabetes-related comorbidities varies among diabetes endotypes.

Background And Aims: Differences of dietary pattern adherence across the novel diabetes endotypes are unknown. This study assessed adherence to pre-specified dietary patterns and their associations with cardiovascular risk factors, kidney function, and neuropathy among diabetes endotypes.

Methods And Results: The cross-sectional analysis included 765 individuals with recent-onset (67 %) and prevalent diabetes (33 %) from the German Diabetes Study (GDS) allocated into severe autoimmune diabetes (SAID, 35 %), severe insulin-deficient diabetes (SIDD, 3 %), severe insulin-resistant diabetes (SIRD, 5 %), mild obesity-related diabetes (MOD, 28 %), and mild age-related diabetes (MARD, 29 %).

Health relevance of lowering postprandial glycaemia in the paediatric population through diet': results from a multistakeholder workshop.

To summarize current knowledge and gaps regarding the role of postprandial glycaemic response in the paediatric population, a workshop was organized in June 2021 by the European branch of the International Life Science Institute (ILSI). This virtual event comprised of talks given by experts followed by in-depth discussions in breakout sessions with workshop participants. The main pre-specified topics addressed by the workshop organizing committee to the invited speakers and the workshop participants were: (1) the role of glycaemic responses for paediatric health, based on mechanistic insights from animal and human data, and long-term evidence from observational and intervention studies in paediatric populations, and (2) changes in metabolism and changes in dietary needs from infancy to adolescence.

Relative validity of a glycemic index extended food-frequency questionnaire.

Background And Aims: The dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) are increasingly recognized as important for the prevention and management of diabetes mellitus. To extend the portfolio of assessment methods for large-scale epidemiological studies, we propose a GI-specific addition to an already established FFQ.

Methods And Results: The German version of the EPIC-FFQ was extended by GI-specific questions for major carbohydrate sources varying notably in GI (breakfast cereals, bread, pasta, rice, potato etc.

International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values 2021: a systematic review.

Background: Reliable tables of glycemic indexes (GIs) and glycemic loads (GLs) are critical to research examining the relationship between glycemic qualities of carbohydrate in foods, diets, and health. In the 12 years since the last edition of the tables, a large amount of new data has become available.

Objectives: To systematically review and tabulate published and unpublished sources of reliable GI values, including an assessment of the reliability of the data.

Early life factors and their relevance for markers of cardiometabolic risk in early adulthood.

Background And Aims: Early life exposures could be pertinent risk factors of cardiometabolic diseases in adulthood. We assessed the prospective associations of early life factors with markers of cardiometabolic risk among healthy German adults.

Methods And Results: We examined 348 term-born DONALD Study participants with measurement of fasting blood at the age of 18-24 years to assess metabolic indices: fatty liver index (FLI), hepatic steatosis index (HSI), pro-inflammatory score and insulin sensitivity (HOMA2-%S).

Effect of a Low-Glycemic Load Diet Intervention on Maternal and Pregnancy Outcomes in Obese Pregnant Women.

The increased prevalence of obese, pregnant women who have a higher risk of glucose intolerance warrants the need for nutritional interventions to improve maternal glucose homeostasis. In this study, the effect of a low-glycemic load (GL) ( = 28) was compared to a high-GL ( = 34) dietary intervention during the second half of pregnancy in obese women (body mass index (BMI) > 30 or a body fat >35%). Anthropometric and metabolic parameters were assessed at baseline (20 week) and at 28 and 34 weeks gestation.

Longitudinal adrenal gland measurements and growth trajectories as risk markers for late preterm delivery.

Background: The fetal adrenal gland receives rising awareness as a predictor of spontaneous preterm birth. We hereby provide longitudinal growth assessments of the fetal adrenal gland in a low risk population with an additional focus on trajectories in fetuses born preterm.

Methods: Fetal adrenal gland was assessed via transabdominal ultrasound at gestational weeks (gw) 24-26, 28-30, and 34-36 in a low-risk pregnancy cohort.

Effect of a Nutrient-Rich, Food-Based Supplement Given to Rural Vietnamese Mothers Prior to or during Pregnancy on the Trajectories of Nutrient Biomarkers.

Nutrient interventions initiated after conception tend to have modest effects on maternal nutritional status and pregnancy outcomes. Thus, we compared the association between micronutrient intakes and the trajectories of their biomarkers before and during pregnancy. Data from a randomized trial of the effect of a nutrient-rich, food-based supplement given to 317 Vietnamese women prior to or during pregnancy on birth outcomes were used to assess nutrient intakes with biomarker trajectories of zinc, iron, folate, cobalamin, and vitamin A using linear mixed regression models.

In-depth characterization of monocyte subsets during the course of healthy pregnancy.

Pregnancy represents an immunological challenge for the maternal immune system. Pregnancy augments innate immune responses, and particularly monocytes contribute to maintaining the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses required for the successful sequence of distinct immunological phases throughout pregnancy. Nonetheless, studies that focus on the heterogeneity of monocytes and analyze the alteration of monocyte subsets in a longitudinal approach throughout healthy pregnancies have remained scarce.

The longitudinal course of pregnancy-related anxiety in parous and nulliparous women and its association with symptoms of social and generalized anxiety.

Background: There is evidence that pregnancy-related anxiety (PrA) has a negative impact on birth outcomes and infant development. However, little is known about worrisome levels and individual trajectories of PrA dimensions across pregnancy and their predictive factors, particularly the association of PrA with symptoms of social phobia (SP) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).

Methods: A sample of 180 pregnant women was assessed three times during pregnancy with the Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire-Revised 2 (PRAQ-R2).

Psychometric properties of 13-item versions of the maternal and paternal antenatal attachment scales in German.

Objective: To assess scale reliability and factorial validity of the Maternal and Paternal Antenatal Attachment Scale in a German sample.

Background: Prenatal bonding to the child is an important aspect for parents and has been associated with the early parent-child relationship. The maternal and paternal versions of the Antenatal Attachment Scale (MAAS/PAAS) with the dimensions bonding quality and intensity are among the best-established questionnaires for parental-fetal bonding.

Psychometric properties of the German version of the pregnancy-related anxiety questionnaire-revised 2 (PRAQ-R2) in the third trimester of pregnancy.

Background: Pregnancy-related anxiety (PrA) has been identified as a construct distinct from general stress and anxiety with a negative impact on birth and child outcomes. Validated instruments with good psychometric properties to assess pregnancy-related anxiety in German-speaking expectant mothers are still lacking. The Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire revised for its use independent of parity (PRAQ-R2) assesses fear of giving birth (FoGB), worries of bearing a physically or mentally handicapped child (WaHC) and concerns about own appearance (CoA).

Innate immune responses to toll-like receptor stimulation are altered during the course of pregnancy.

During pregnancy the maternal immune system has to develop tolerance towards the developing fetus. These changes in maternal immunity can result in increased severity of certain infections, but also in amelioration of autoimmune diseases. Pregnancy-related hormones have been suggested to play a central role in the adaptation of the maternal immune system, but their specific effects on innate immune function is not well understood.

Paracetamol Medication During Pregnancy: Insights on Intake Frequencies, Dosages and Effects on Hematopoietic Stem Cell Populations in Cord Blood From a Longitudinal Prospective Pregnancy Cohort.

Background: Paracetamol is the first choice for antipyretic or analgesic treatment throughout pregnancy. Products with Paracetamol are readily available over the counter and therefore easily accessible for self-medication. Epidemiological data on Paracetamol intake pattern during pregnancy and its potential immunological effects are sparse.

Prenatal stress perception and coping strategies: Insights from a longitudinal prospective pregnancy cohort.

Objective: Prenatal distress has been linked to pregnancy complications and poor offspring's health, despite the fact that longitudinal assessments of various stress dimensions are still lacking. Hence, we aimed to assess perceived stress over the course of pregnancy. Moreover, we examined whether social support and coping styles are linked to prenatal stress trajectories.

Maternal progesterone levels are modulated by maternal BMI and predict birth weight sex-specifically in human pregnancies.

Objective: Successful pregnancy outcome is the result of a tailored adaptation of the maternal endocrine and immune system throughout gestation. We aimed to investigate if maternal endocrine, anthropometric and life style factors assessed longitudinally throughout pregnancy allow prediction of birth weight.

Study Design: Data on maternal factors and obstetrical characteristics from 220 pregnancies from a German prospective pregnancy cohort were analyzed using univariate and multivariate regression models.

Lower glycemic load meals reduce diurnal glycemic oscillations in women with risk factors for gestational diabetes.

Objective: Maternal glycemia plays a key role in fetal growth. We hypothesized that lower glycemic load (GL) meals (lower glycemic index, modestly lower carbohydrate) would substantially reduce day-long glucose variability in women at risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Research Design And Methods: A crossover study of 17 women (mean±SD age 34.

Glycaemic and insulin index of four common German breads.

Background/objectives: German-style breads are recommended as a lower glycaemic index (GI) alternative, yet little data is available. Our aim was to test the GI and insulin index (II) of four breads and rolls commonly consumed in Germany.

Subjects/methods: Four German bread products were tested for their GI and II in 12 healthy subjects according to the International Standard Organization guidelines.

Dietary micronutrient intake during pregnancy is a function of carbohydrate quality.

Background: Despite normal gestational weight gain, dietary studies in pregnant women show intakes below the recommendations for energy and micronutrients.

Objective: This study compared changes in dietary intake from the second to third trimester with emphasis on energy intake and carbohydrate quality.

Design: These post hoc analyses were based on 566 women participating in the Pregnancy and Glycemic Index Outcomes study, a randomized controlled trial comparing the effect of low-glycemic index (GI) dietary advice with healthy eating advice on selected pregnancy outcomes.

Increased intake of carbohydrates from sources with a higher glycemic index and lower consumption of whole grains during puberty are prospectively associated with higher IL-6 concentrations in younger adulthood among healthy individuals.

Chronic low-grade inflammation represents a likely intermediary in the relation between carbohydrate nutrition and both type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This study assessed the prospective association between carbohydrate quantity and quality [dietary glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), and added sugar, fiber, and whole-grain intake] during puberty, a potentially critical period for later disease, and low-grade inflammation in younger adulthood. The analysis was based on 205 participants (113 girls and 92 boys) from the DONALD (Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed) study with at least 2 3-d weighed dietary records during puberty (girls: 9-14 y, boys: 10-15 y) and blood samples in younger adulthood (18-36 y).

Association between carbohydrate quality and inflammatory markers: systematic review of observational and interventional studies.

Background: Chronic low-grade inflammation is a likely intermediary between quality of carbohydrate and chronic disease risk.

Objective: We conducted a systematic literature search to evaluate the relevance of carbohydrate quality on inflammatory markers in observational and intervention studies.

Design: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies on associations between glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), dietary fiber or fiber supplements or whole grain intake, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) or interleukin 6 (IL-6).

Dietary glycemic load, insulin load, and weight loss in obese, insulin resistant adolescents: RESIST study.

Background & Aims: The optimal dietary approach for weight loss and improving insulin sensitivity in adolescents is unknown. This study aimed to explore the association between the estimated insulin demand of the diet, as measured by glycemic and insulin load, weight loss, percentage body fat and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) in obese adolescents with clinical features of insulin resistance and/or prediabetes after a 3 month lifestyle and metformin intervention.

Methods: Secondary data analysis of 91 adolescents (median age 12.

Habitually higher dietary glycemic index during puberty is prospectively related to increased risk markers of type 2 diabetes in younger adulthood.

Objective: Carbohydrate nutrition during periods of physiological insulin resistance such as puberty may affect future risk of type 2 diabetes. This study examined whether the amount or the quality (dietary glycemic index [GI], glycemic load [GL], and added sugar, fiber, and whole-grain intake) of carbohydrates during puberty is associated with risk markers of type 2 diabetes in younger adulthood.

Research Design And Methods: The analysis was based on 226 participants (121 girls and 105 boys) from the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study (DONALD) with an average of five 3-day weighed dietary records (range 2-6) during puberty (girls, age 9-14 years; boys, age 10-15 years) and fasting blood samples in younger adulthood (age 18-36 years) (average duration of follow-up 12.