Biosorption of heavy metals by microalgae: Hazardous side effects for marine organisms.

Biosorption is nowadays recommended as an ecological and environmentally friendly alternative to remove metals from contaminated regions. Even in situ incubations of algae on the seabed are conducted to investigate potential future ways of reducing metal contamination. Our study investigated the negative effects on microorganisms when metal-enriched algae are released into the marine environment.

Serotonin 1A Receptors Modulate Serotonin 2A Receptor-Mediated Behavioral Effects of 5-Methoxy-,-dimethyltryptamine Analogs in Mice.

5-methoxy-,-dimethyltrytpamine (5-MeO-DMT) analogs are used as recreational drugs, but they are also being developed as potential medicines, warranting further investigation into their pharmacology. Here, we investigated the neuropharmacology of 5-MeO-DMT and several of its -alkyl, -allyl, and 2-methyl analogs, with three major aims: 1) to determine in vitro receptor profiles for the compounds, 2) to characterize in vitro functional activities at serotonin (5-HT) 2A receptors (5-HT) and 1A receptors (5-HT), and 3) to examine the influence of 5-HT on 5-HT-mediated psychedelic-like effects in the mouse head twitch response (HTR) model. In vitro receptor binding and functional assays showed that all 5-MeO-DMT analogs bind with high affinity and activate multiple targets (e.

Designing Alkylammonium Cations for Enhanced Solubility of Anionic Active Materials in Redox Flow Batteries: The Role of Bulk and Chain Length.

Advancing grid-scale energy storage technologies is crucial for realizing a fully renewable energy landscape, with non-aqueous redox flow batteries (NRFBs) presenting a promising solution. One of the current challenges in NRFBs stems from the low energy density of redox active materials, primarily due to their limited solubility in non-aqueous solvents. Herein, this study explores the solubility of vanadium(IV/V) bis-hydroxyiminodiacetate (VBH) crystals in acetonitrile, aiming to use them as anionic catholytes in NRFBs.

Diversity oriented total synthesis (DOTS) of pyridoquinazolinone alkaloids and their analogues.

A short diversity oriented total synthesis (DOTS) of substituted rutaecarpines, homo-luotonins, homo-vasicinone, homo-isaindigotones and homo-vasnetine has been achieved from the key tricyclic intermediate. The [] tricyclic ketone, the mackinazolindione, was accessed from simple substrates quinazolinone diester obtained from the disubstituted anthranilamide which in turn was prepared from the coupling of amino acid ester and ethyl oxalyl chloride with isatoic anhydride and Dieckmann condensation chemistry.

Impact of pesticides on marine coral reef foraminifera.

Our laboratory study looked into how pesticides affect the foraminifera species Heterostegina depressa and their obligatory algal endosymbionts. We incubated the foraminifera separately with different types of pesticides at varying concentrations (1 %, 0.01 % and 0.

Bis(4-acetoxy--ethyl---propyl-tryptammonium) fumarate-fumaric acid (1/1).

The solid-state structure of the title salt/adduct (systemic name: bis-{[2-(4-acet-yloxy-1-indol-3-yl)eth-yl](eth-yl)propyl-aza-nium} but-2-enedioate-()-butenedioic acid (1/1)), 2CHNO ·CHO ·CHO, was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The asymmetric unit consists of a singly protonated tryptammonium cation, one half of a fumarate dianion and one half of a fumaric acid mol-ecule. In the crystal, the ions and mol-ecules are linked together in infinite chains propagating along [001] through a series of N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

3,5-Lutidine penta-aqua sulfate complexes of first-row transition metals: [(3,5-lutidine)(HO)]SO, with = Mn, Co, Ni, and Zn.

The reactions of MnSO·HO, CoSO·7HO, NiSO·6HO and ZnSO·7HO with 3,5-lutidine (3,5-di-methyl-pyridine) yield crystals of penta-aqua-(3,5-di-methyl-pyridine-κ)manganese(II) sulfate, [Mn(CHN)(HO)]SO, (), penta-aqua-(3,5-di-methyl-pyridine-κ)cobalt(II) sulfate, [Co(CHN)(HO)]SO, (), penta-aqua-(3,5-di-methyl-pyridine-κ)nickel(II) sulfate, [Ni(CHN)(HO)]SO, (), and penta-aqua-(3,5-di-methyl-pyridine-κ)zinc(II) sulfate, [Zn(CHN)(HO)]SO, (), which were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The four crystals are isostructural, demonstrating near identical unit-cell parameters and atomic positions. The metal atoms are all octa-hedrally coordinated, with one lutidine ligand and five water ligands.

-Methyl-serotonin hydrogen oxalate.

The solid-state structure of -methyl-serotonin {systematic name: [2-(5-hy-droxy-1-indol-3-yl)eth-yl](meth-yl)aza-nium hydrogen oxalate}, CHNO·CHO , is reported. The structure possesses a singly protonated -methylserotonin cation and one hydrogen oxalate anion in the asymmetric unit. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network.

Receptor Binding Profiles for Tryptamine Psychedelics and Effects of 4-Propionoxy--dimethyltryptamine in Mice.

Analogues of 4-phosphoryloxy--dimethyltryptamine (psilocybin) are being sold on recreational drug markets and developed as potential medications for psychedelic-assisted therapies. Many of these tryptamine-based psilocybin analogues produce psychedelic-like effects in rodents and humans primarily by agonist activity at serotonin 2A receptors (5-HT). However, the comprehensive pharmacological target profiles for these compounds compared to psilocybin and its active metabolite 4-hydroxy--dimethyltryptamine (psilocin) are unknown.

Synthesis and structure of 4-hy-droxy--iso-propyl-tryptamine (4-HO-NiPT) and its precursors.

The title compound, 4-hy-droxy--iso-propyl-tryptamine () or 4-HO-NiPT (systematic name: 3-{2-[(propan-2-yl)amino]-eth-yl}-1-indol-4-ol), CHNO, was synthesized in three steps from 4-benzyl-oxyindole () (systematic name: 4-phen-oxy-1-indole), CHNO. () was treated with oxalyl chloride and iso-propyl-amine to produce -isopropyl-4-benz-yloxy-3-indole-glyoxyl-amide () {systematic name: 2-[4-(benz-yloxy)-1-indol-3-yl]-2-oxo--(propan-2-yl)acet-amide}, CHNO. () was reduced to generate 4-benz-yloxy--iso-propyl-tryptamine or 4-HO-NiPT, which was characterized as its chloride salt 4-benz-yloxy--iso-propyl-tryptammonium chloride () (systematic name: {2-[4-(benz-yloxy)-1-indol-3-yl]eth-yl}(propan-2-yl)aza-nium chloride), CHNO·Cl.

Structure-Activity Relationships for Psilocybin, Baeocystin, Aeruginascin, and Related Analogues to Produce Pharmacological Effects in Mice.

4-Phosphoryloxy-,-dimethyltryptamine (psilocybin) is a naturally occurring tertiary amine found in many mushroom species. Psilocybin is a prodrug for 4-hydroxy-,-dimethyltryptamine (psilocin), which induces psychedelic effects via agonist activity at the serotonin (5-HT) 2A receptor (5-HT). Several other 4-position ring-substituted tryptamines are present in psilocybin-containing mushrooms, including the secondary amine 4-phosphoryloxy--methyltryptamine (baeocystin) and the quaternary ammonium 4-phosphoryloxy-,,-trimethyltryptamine (aeruginascin), but these compounds are not well studied.

Bis(oxotremorine) fumarate bis-(fumaric acid).

The title compound, bis-(oxotremorine) fumarate bis-(fumaric acid) {systematic name: 1-[4-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)but-2-yn-yl]pyrrolidinium (2)-but-2-ene-di-o-ate bis-[(2)-but-2-enedioic acid]}, 2CHNO·CHO ·2CHO, has a single oxotremorine monocation protonated at the pyrrolidine nitro-gen, one fumaric acid mol-ecule and half of a fumarate dianion in the asymmetric unit. The ions and fumaric acid mol-ecules are held together by N-H⋯O and O-H-⋯O hydrogen bonds in 40-membered rings with graph-set notation (40). The fumarate ions join these rings into infinite chains along [001].

The methanol and ethanol solvates of 4-glutarato-,-diiso-propyl-tryptamine.

The solid-state structures of two solvated forms of 4-glutarato-,-diiso-propyl-tryptamine were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, namely, 5-[(3-{2-[bis(propan-2-yl)azaniumyl]ethyl}-1-indol-4-yl)oxy]-5-oxopentanoate meth-anol monosolvate, CHNO·CHOH, and the analogous ethanol monosolvate, CHNO·CHO. In both compounds, the 4-glutarato-,-di-iso--pro-pyl-tryptamine exists as a zwitterion with a protonated tertiary ammonium and a deprotonated glutarato carboxyl-ate. The tryptamine zwitterions and alcohol solvates in both structures combine to produce near identical hydrogen-bonding networks, with N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds joining the mol-ecules together in two-dimensional networks parallel to the (100) plane.

The crystal structure of baeocystin.

The title compound, baeocystin or 4-phosphor-yloxy--methyl-tryptamine {systematic name: 3-[2-(methylazaniumyl)ethyl]-1-indol-4-yl hydrogen phosphate}, CHNOP, has a single zwitterionic mol-ecule in the asymmetric unit. The mol-ecule has an intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond between the ammonium cation and the hydro-phosphate anion. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network.

Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Pharmacological Activity of Novel Quaternary Salts of 4-Substituted Tryptamines.

Aeruginascin (4-phosphoryloxy-,,-trimethyltryptammonium) is an analogue of psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-,-dimethyltryptamine) that has been identified in several species of psilocybin-containing mushrooms. Our team previously reported the synthesis, structural characterization, and biological activity of the putative metabolite of aeruginascin (4-hydroxy-,,-trimethyltryptammonium; 4-HO-TMT) and its potential prodrug (4-acetoxy-,,-trimethyltryptammonium; 4-AcO-TMT). Here, we report the synthesis, structural characterization, and pharmacological activity of several quaternary tryptammonium analogues of 4-HO-TMT and 4-AcO-TMT, namely, 4-hydroxy-,-dimethyl--ethyltryptammonium (4-HO-DMET), 4-hydroxy-,-dimethyl---propyltryptammonium (4-HO-DMPT), and 4-hydroxy-,-dimethyl--isopropyltryptammonium (4-HO-DMiPT), as well as their hypothesized prodrugs 4-acetoxy-,-dimethyl--ethyltryptammonium (4-AcO-DMET), 4-acetoxy-,-dimethyl---propyltryptammonium (4-AcO-DMPT), and 4-acetoxy-,-dimethyl--isopropyltryptammonium (4-AcO-DMiPT).

A Model of F-actin Organization in Granuloreticulopodia in Foraminifera: Morphogenetic and Evolutionary Implications from Novel Fluorescent and Polarised Light Observations.

Foraminifera are a group of mostly marine protists that form highly dynamic granular pseudopodia. Recent live experiments on foraminifera labelled with SiR-actin show that F-actin structures are involved in the morphogenesis of granuloreticulopodia and that pseudopodia contain small, motile granules referred to as SiR-actin-labelled granules (ALGs). They may either represent staining artifacts or an unusual form of organisation of actin filaments.

Erratum: A cuboidal [Co(SO)] structure supported by β-picoline ligands. Corrigendum.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1107/S2056989022000780.].

Crystal structure of serotonin.

The title compound, serotonin or 5-hy-droxy-tryptamine (5-HT) [systematic name: 3-(2-amino-eth-yl)-1-indol-5-ol], CHNO, has one mol-ecule in the asymmetric unit. The conformation of the ethyl-amino side chain is - [C-C-C-C and C-C-C-N (a = aromatic, m = methyl-ene) torsion angles = -64.2 (3) and -61.

A cuboidal [Cu(SO)] structure supported by β-picoline ligands.

The solid-state structure of the cobalt-β-picoline-sulfate complex tetra-μ-sulfato-tetra-kis-[bis-(3-methyl-pyridine)-cobalt(II)], [Co(SO)(CHN)], is reported. The tetra-meric cobalt cluster contains a cuboidal core comprised of four cobalt(II) cations and four sulfate anions at alternate cube vertices. The cobalt corners are each capped with two β-picoline ligands.

Computational and experimental investigation of the effect of cation structure on the solubility of anionic flow battery active-materials.

Recent advances in clean, sustainable energy sources such as wind and solar have enabled significant cost improvements, yet their inherent intermittency remains a considerable challenge for year-round reliability demanding the need for grid-scale energy storage. Nonaqueous redox flow batteries (NRFBs) have the potential to address this need, with attractive attributes such as flexibility to accommodate long- and short-duration storage, separately scalable energy and power ratings, and improved safety profile over integrated systems such as lithium-ion batteries. Currently, the low-solubility of NRFB electrolytes fundamentally limits their energy density.

The crystalline forms of nine hydrochloride salts of substituted tryptamines.

The crystal structures of the hydrochloride salts of nine substituted tryptamines, namely, 1-methyltryptammonium chloride, CHN·Cl, (1), 2-methyl-1-phenyltryptammonium chloride, CHN·Cl, (2), 5-methoxytryptammonium chloride, CHNO·Cl, (3), 5-bromotryptammonium chloride, CHBrN·Cl, (4), 5-chlorotryptammonium chloride, CHClN·Cl, (5), 5-fluorotryptammonium chloride, CHFN·Cl, (6), 5-methyltryptammonium chloride, CHN·Cl, (7), 6-fluorotryptammonium chloride, CHFN·Cl, (8), and 7-methyltryptammonium chloride, CHN·Cl, (9), are reported. The seven tryptamines with N-H indoles, (3)-(9), show very similar structures, with N-H..

5-Meth-oxy-,-di--propyl-tryptamine (5-MeO-DPT): freebase and fumarate.

The solid-state structures of the synthetic psychedelic 5-meth-oxy-,-di--propyl-tryptamine (5-MeO-DPT) {systematic name: -[2-(5-meth-oxy-1-indol-3-yl)eth-yl]--propyl-propan-1-amine}, CHNO, and its fumarate salt, bis-(5-meth-oxy-,-di--propyl-tryptammonium) fumarate (systematic name: bis-{-[2-(5-meth-oxy-1-indol-3-yl)eth-yl]--propyl-propan-1-aminium} but-2-ene-dio-ate), 2CHNO·CHO , are reported. The freebase has a single tryptamine mol-ecule in the asymmetric unit. The mol-ecules are linked together by N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds in zigzag chains along the [010] direction.

'Foxtrot' fumarate: a water-soluble salt of ,-di-allyl-5-methoxytryptamine (5-MeO-DALT).

The title compound, bis-(,-diallyl-5-meth-oxy-tryptammonium) (5-MeO-DALT) fumarate (systematic name: bis-{-[2-(5-meth-oxy-1-indol-3-yl)eth-yl]- -(prop-2-en-1-yl)prop-2-en-1-aminium} ()-but-2-enedioate), 2CHNO·CHO , has a single tryptammonium cation and half of a fumarate dianion in the asymmetric unit. The tryptammonium and fumarate ions are held together in one-dimensional chains by a series of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. These chains are combinations of (22) rings, and (14) and (28) parallel chains along [111].