Building and maintaining interprofessional collaborative practice in eyecare: Learnings from the Queensland Paediatric Optometry Alignment Program.

Purpose: The Queensland Children's Hospital Paediatric Optometry Alignment Program commenced with a pilot phase to assess its feasibility, effectiveness and acceptability. This study identified the barriers that hinder effective interprofessional collaboration and the facilitators that contribute to its success, and assessed changes in optometrists' satisfaction since the pilot phase of the collaborative care programme.

Methods: Qualitative deductive and inductive content analysis was applied to open-ended free-text survey responses collected in 2018 from the optometrists involved in the Program's pilot phase.

Development of a joint set of database parameters for the EU-ROP and Fight Childhood Blindness! ROP Registries.

Background/aims: The incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is increasing and treatment options are expanding, often without accompanying safety data. We aimed to define a minimal, patient-centred data set that is feasible to collect in clinical practice and can be used collaboratively to track and compare outcomes of ROP treatment with a view to improving patient outcomes.

Methods: A multinational group of clinicians and a patient representative with expertise in ROP and registry development collaborated to develop a data set that focused on real-world parameters and outcomes that were patient centred, minimal and feasible to collect in routine clinical practice.

The paediatric optometry alignment program - a model of interprofessional collaborative eyecare.

Clinical Relevance: Collaboration  between hospital-based ophthalmology and community-based optometry could pave the way to improve access to paediatric eyecare services.

Background: The Paediatric Optometry Alignment Program (POAP) began in 2016 as a proof-of-concept pilot project that aimed to improve access to specialist paediatric ophthalmology services. If found to be effective at improving patient access, and the quality of care acceptable to patients and professionals then the strategic intent was to upscale the programme to  serve as a model for paediatric eye care in the community.

Trampoline Use and Retinal Detachment in Stickler Syndrome.

Stickler syndrome is one of the most common inherited causes of retinal detachment in childhood. We present the case of a 6-year-old boy with Stickler syndrome who developed a retinal detachment in his better seeing eye after prolonged trampoline use. We suggest that trampolining should be avoided in all patients at increased risk of retinal detachment, especially in Stickler syndrome, and in those with other risk factors including high myopia and previous retinal detachments.

Evaluation of virtual accreditation of medical specialist training sites for ophthalmology in Australia and New Zealand during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective To evaluate the suitability and acceptability of virtual training post accreditation visits conducted online for medical specialist training in ophthalmology in Australia and New Zealand. Methods A two-phase study (pilot and implementation) was conducted. In the pilot phase, an open-ended observation proforma was used by the authors to independently record their observations, which were later compared and discussed until consensus was achieved.

Clinimetric properties of visuo-perceptual and visuo-cognitive assessment tools used for children with cerebral visual impairment and cerebral palsy or developmental delay: a systematic review.

Purpose: The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the psychometrics and clinical utility of visuo-perceptual and visuo-cognitive assessment tools in children with cerebral visual impairment (CVI) and cerebral palsy (CP) or neurodevelopmental delay (DD).

Materials And Methods: Five databases (PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, CINAHL, and Cochrane Database) were comprehensively searched from 1970 till June 2021. The PRISMA checklist was utilised to report on the process of selecting eligible papers.

Community based vision screening in preschool children; performance of the Spot Vision Screener and optotype testing.

Background: Children's vision screening children commonly uses optotype-based visual acuity or instrument-based methods measuring amblyogenic risk factors (ARFs).

Objective: To compare the performance of the Spot Vision Screener (SVS) (PediaVision, Welch Allyn, NY) and a nurse-administered visual acuity screen (NVAS) in identifying ARFs and decreased visual acuity.

Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional population-based study of preschool children in South-East Queensland, Australia.

Childhood and Early Onset Glaucoma Classification and Genetic Profile in a Large Australasian Disease Registry.

Purpose: To report the relative frequencies of childhood and early onset glaucoma subtypes and their genetic findings in a large single cohort.

Design: Retrospective clinical and molecular study.

Participants: All individuals with childhood glaucoma (diagnosed 0 to <18 years) and early onset glaucoma (diagnosed 18 to <40 years) referred to a national disease registry.

Amniotic Membrane-Covered Conformer and Fibrin Glue for Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.

Purpose: Stevens-Johnson syndrome and its more severe form, toxic epidermal necrolysis, are immunologic disorders that cause widespread blistering of the skin and mucous membranes. Its incidence is higher in children and can lead to long-term disabling ocular surface complications that can be averted with amniotic membrane transplantation early in the disease. To introduce an amniotic membrane treatment technique that is time efficient and minimally invasive but still allows for extensive coverage of the ocular mucosal surfaces to prevent and lessen the severity of the complications from ocular surface sequelae.

Acute red eye in children: A practical approach.

Background: Acute red eye in a child is a common ocular presentation in general practice. It can arise from a wide spectrum of pathologies and involve various ocular structures.

Objective: The aim of this article is to provide a framework for the general practitioner to assess and manage a child presenting with a red eye, with a focus on cases that require immediate referral.

Discovery of isoquinolinone and naphthyridinone-based inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) as anticancer agents: Structure activity relationship and preclinical characterization.

The exploitation of GLU988 and LYS903 residues in PARP1 as targets to design isoquinolinone (I & II) and naphthyridinone (III) analogues is described. Compounds of structure I have good biochemical and cellular potency but suffered from inferior PK. Constraining the linear propylene linker of structure I into a cyclopentene ring (II) offered improved PK parameters, while maintaining potency for PARP1.

Epidemiology of severe ocular trauma following the implementation of alcohol restrictions in Far North Queensland.

Importance: Indigenous communities of Far North Queensland (FNQ) have one of the highest incidences of alcohol-related ocular trauma globally.

Background: To review the epidemiology of closed- and open-globe trauma admitted to Cairns Hospital from FNQ health districts following the implementation of alcohol restrictions in Indigenous communities.

Design: Retrospective study of cases from January 2014 to December 2018.

Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale.

Relationship between brain structure and Cerebral Visual Impairment in children with Cerebral Palsy: A systematic review.

Background: Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI) is very common yet often unrecognised visual dysfunction in children with Cerebral Palsy (CP). Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the diagnostic tool in the investigation of brain lesions in children with CP and CVI.

Aim: The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the relationship between brain structure and CVI, as determined by MRI in children with CP.

Keeping an eye on congenital disorders of O-glycosylation: A systematic literature review.

Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a rapidly growing family comprising >100 genetic diseases. Some 25 CDG are pure O-glycosylation defects. Even among this CDG subgroup, phenotypic diversity is broad, ranging from mild to severe poly-organ/system dysfunction.

Congenital Glaucoma: a Novel Ocular Manifestation of Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome.

Hajdu-Cheney Syndrome (HSC) is a rare multisystem disease in which the phenotype involves acro-osteolysis, severe osteoporosis, short stature, wormian bones, facial dysmorphism, central neurological abnormalities, cardiovascular defects, and polycystic kidneys. We describe an infant with severe manifestations of HCS in whom congenital glaucoma was a significant early feature, which has not been reported to date. HCS cases reported to date have involved truncating mutations in exon 34 of upstream the PEST domain that lead to the development of a truncated and stable NOTCH2 protein which upregluates notch signaling.

Longitudinal Typhoid Fever Trends in India from 2000 to 2015.

A very high incidence of typhoid was described in studies conducted in urban locations on the Indian subcontinent at the end of the twentieth century. Despite their availability, licensed immunogenic conjugate typhoid vaccines have not been introduced in the national immunization program, in part, because of a lack of understanding of where and for whom prevention is most necessary. Uncertainty regarding the burden of disease is based on the lack of reliable, recent estimates of culture-confirmed typhoid and an observed trend of low isolations of Typhi and fewer complications at large referral hospitals in India.

Retinopathy of prematurity: the high cost of screening regional and remote infants.

Importance: Demand for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) screening is increasing for infants born at rural and regional hospitals where the service is not generally available. The health system cost for screening regional/remote infants has not been reported.

Background: The objective of this study is to evaluate the cost of ROP screening at a large centralized tertiary neonatal service for infants from regional/rural hospitals.

Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy and Longitudinally Extensive Transverse Myelitis.

Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy is an inherited optic neuropathy caused by mitochondrial DNA point mutations leading to sudden, painless loss of vision. We report a case of an 8-year-old boy presenting with a radiological phenotype of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis on a background of severe visual impairment secondary to Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON). He was found to have dual mitochondrial DNA mutations at 14484 (MTND6 gene) and 4160 (MTND1 gene) in a family with a severe form of LHON characterised by not only an unusually high penetrance of optic neuropathy, but also severe extra-ocular neurological complications.

Models of care in tele-ophthalmology: A scoping review.

The objective of this review was to identify and describe telehealth models of care for ophthalmic services. We conducted a scoping review of the literature to identify how ophthalmic care can be delivered by telehealth. We searched the PubMed database to identify relevant articles which were screened based on pre-defined inclusion criteria.

Pathophysiology, screening and treatment of ROP: A multi-disciplinary perspective.

The population of infants at risk for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) varies by world region; in countries with well developed neonatal intensive care services, the highest risk infants are those born at less than 28 weeks gestational age (GA) and less than 1 kg at birth, while, in regions where many aspects of neonatal intensive and ophthalmological care are not routinely available, more mature infants up to 2000 g at birth and 37 weeks GA are also at risk for severe ROP. Treatment options for both groups of patients include standard retinal laser photocoagulation or, more recently, intravitreal anti-VEGF drugs. In addition to detection and treatment of ROP, this review highlights new opportunities created by telemedicine, where screening and diagnosis of ROP in remote locations can be undertaken by non-ophthalmologists using digital fundus cameras.

An international comparison of retinopathy of prematurity grading performance within the Benefits of Oxygen Saturation Targeting II trials.

PurposeTo investigate whether the observed international differences in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) treatment rates within the Benefits of Oxygen Saturation Targeting (BOOST) II trials might have been caused by international variation in ROP disease grading.MethodsGroups of BOOST II trial ophthalmologists in UK, Australia, and New Zealand (ANZ), and an international reference group (INT) used a web based system to grade a selection of RetCam images of ROP acquired during the BOOST II UK trial. Rates of decisions to treat, plus disease grading, ROP stage grading, ROP zone grading, inter-observer variation within groups and intra-observer variation within groups were measured.

Drug susceptibility testing of rapidly growing mycobacteria in extrapulmonary tuberculosis.

There has been an increasing awareness of the rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM), of which numerous species and phylogenetic groups are clearly established human pathogens. It is important to appropriately distinguish RGM from other mycobacteria, as first-line antituberculous drugs are ineffective for their treatment. Variability in susceptibility of RGM is seen in relation to species, different geographical areas, and time.