Qualitative assessment of proposed visual key information pages for informed consent.

Introduction: The 2018 Common Rule revision intended to improve informed consent by recommending a concise key information (KI) section, yet provided little guidance about how to describe KI. We developed innovative, visual KI templates with attention to health literacy and visual design principles. We explored end users' attitudes, beliefs, and institutional policies that could affect implementing visual KI pages.

Ethnicity as a Risk Factor for Early Neurological Deterioration: A Post Hoc Analysis of the Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes Trial.

Objectives: Nearly 25% of those with a small vessel stroke will develop early neurological deterioration (END). The objectives of this study were to identify clinical risk factors for small vessel stroke-related END and its associated impact on functional outcomes in an ethnically diverse data set.

Methods: We performed a post hoc analysis of the "Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes" trial.

Differential outcomes and treatment in non-traumatic carotid versus vertebral cervical artery dissection: A national inpatient sample study.

Introduction: Cervical artery dissection (CAD) involves the carotid or vertebral artery. However, limited studies have compared their clinical features and outcomes.

Methods: We examined non-traumatic CAD patients from the National Inpatient Sample (2005-2019).

Inpatient Care Experiences Differ for VA and Non-VA Hospitals, With Different Patterns by Health, Race, and Ethnicity.

This article estimates differences and difference-in-differences in patient experiences for Veterans Health Administration (VA) compared to non-VA patients in 2017, when there was concern about the health quality of VA hospitals, and in 2021, the second year of the COVID-19 pandemic, both overall, and for specific patient groups. We used data from the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) survey. In 2017, HCAHPS performance was somewhat better for non-VA than for VA hospitals, with Care Transition being the only measure for which VA hospitals performed better on average.

Total synthesis of (-)-cylindrocyclophane A facilitated by C-H functionalization.

(-)-Cylindrocyclophane A is a 22-membered C-symmetric [7.7]paracyclophane that bears bis-resorcinol functionality and six stereocenters. We report a synthetic strategy for (-)-cylindrocyclophane A that uses 10 C-H functionalization reactions, resulting in a streamlined route with high enantioselectivity and efficiency (17 steps).

Testosterone supplementation and stroke in young adults: a review of the literature.

Testosterone supplementation has increased in recent years for both treatment of hypogonadism and recreational use. Strokes in young adults have similarly increased with a larger proportion of patients in this age group having a stroke due to early onset of cardiovascular risk factors or unrelated to conventional risks. Hormonal treatments are associated with increased stroke risk amongst women, with some studies indicating an increase in stroke risk as high as 40% when compared to non-users.

Refining, implementing, and evaluating an anesthesia choice conversation aid for older adults with hip fracture: protocol for a stepped wedge cluster randomized trial.

Background: Hip fracture surgery under general or spinal anesthesia is a common procedure for older adults in the United States (US). Although spinal or general anesthesia can be appropriate for many patients, and the choice between anesthesia types is preference-sensitive, shared decision-making is not consistently used by anesthesiologists counseling patients on anesthesia for this procedure. We designed an Option Grid™-style conversation aid, My Anesthesia Choice─Hip Fracture, to promote shared decision making in this interaction.

Back to Normal or New Reality? How the COVID-19 Pandemic Continues to Influence School-Based Speech-Language Pathologists at the Start of the 2023-2024 School Year.

Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic was a far-reaching disruptor in K-12 education beginning in the spring of 2020 when nearly all schools pivoted to remote instruction. Although the pandemic was officially declared over by the World Health Organization in May 2023, many questions remain about the long-term impact of the pandemic on K-12 education. The purpose of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of the continued impact of the pandemic among school-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs) at the onset of the 2023-2024 school year.

In-hospital recurrent stroke in ipsilateral carotid web patients undergoing thrombectomy.

Objective: Carotid artery web is a possible cause of ischemic stroke, especially in young patients who lack conventional risk factors. The immediate and long-term outcomes are not well studied. We aimed to determine the association between an ipsilateral carotid web and in-hospital stroke recurrence.

Personalized Approaches to Spine Surgery.

Patient-centric decision-making has imbued all aspects of health care, including spine surgery. This review describes how spine surgeons can use evolving technologies and knowledge of disease and pain states to tailor their surgical approach to the individual patient. This includes preoperative screening for and optimization of low bone mineral density, intraoperative selection of implant material and customization of interbody cages and screws, and postoperative personalization of pain regimens and rehabilitation courses.

Exercise-induced Nrf2 activation increases antioxidant defenses in skeletal muscles.

Following the discovery that exercise increases the production of reactive oxygen species in contracting skeletal muscles, evidence quickly emerged that endurance exercise training increases the abundance of key antioxidant enzymes in the trained muscles. Since these early observations, knowledge about the impact that regular exercise has on skeletal muscle antioxidant capacity has increased significantly. Importantly, in recent years, our understanding of the cell signaling pathways responsible for this exercise-induced increase in antioxidant enzymes has expanded exponentially.

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles alleviate the immunometabolic dysfunction in murine septic encephalopathy.

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection that results in high mortality and long-term sequela. The central nervous system (CNS) is susceptible to injury from infectious processes, which can lead to clinical symptoms of septic encephalopathy (SE). SE is linked to a profound energetic deficit associated with immune dysregulation.

Effects of global change on snakebite envenoming incidence up to 2050: a modelling assessment.

Background: Human activities are driving climate, land cover, and population change (global change), and shifting the baseline geographical distribution of snakebite. The interacting effects of global change on snakes and communities at risk of snakebite are poorly understood, limiting capacity to anticipate and manage future changes in snakebite risk.

Methods: In this modelling study, we projected how global change will affect snakebite envenoming incidence in Sri Lanka, as a model system that has a high incidence of snakebite.

Mixed Mode Substantially Increases Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Response Rates Relative to Single-Mode Protocols.

Background: Low response rates (RRs) can affect hospitals' data collection costs for patient experience surveys and value-based purchasing eligibility. Most hospitals use single-mode approaches, even though sequential mixed mode (MM) yields higher RRs and perhaps better patient representativeness. Some hospitals may be reluctant to incur MM's potential additional cost and complexity without knowing how much RRs would increase.

2024 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections: Risk Assessment, Diagnostic Imaging, and Microbiological Evaluation in Adults, Children, and Pregnant People.

As the first part of an update to the clinical practice guideline on the diagnosis and management of complicated intra-abdominal infections in adults, children, and pregnant people, developed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the panel presents 21 updated recommendations. These recommendations span risk assessment, diagnostic imaging, and microbiological evaluation. The panel's recommendations are based on evidence derived from systematic literature reviews and adhere to a standardized methodology for rating the certainty of evidence and strength of recommendation according to the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach.

2024 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on Complicated Intraabdominal Infections: Diagnostic Imaging of Suspected Acute Cholecystitis and Acute Cholangitis in Adults, Children, and Pregnant People.

This article is part of a clinical practice guideline update on the risk assessment, diagnostic imaging, and microbiological evaluation of complicated intraabdominal infections in adults, children, and pregnant people, developed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. In this article, the panel provides recommendations for diagnostic imaging of suspected acute cholecystitis and acute cholangitis. The panel's recommendations are based on evidence derived from systematic literature reviews and adhere to a standardized methodology for rating the certainty of evidence and strength of recommendation according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.

2024 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections: Diagnostic Imaging of Suspected Acute Appendicitis in Adults, Children, and Pregnant People.

This paper is part of a clinical practice guideline update on the risk assessment, diagnostic imaging, and microbiological evaluation of complicated intra-abdominal infections in adults, children, and pregnant people, developed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). In this paper, the panel provides recommendations for diagnostic imaging of suspected acute appendicitis. The panel's recommendations are based on evidence derived from systematic literature reviews and adhere to a standardized methodology for rating the certainty of evidence and strength of recommendation according to the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach.

2024 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections: Utility of Blood Cultures in Adults, Children, and Pregnant People.

This article is part of a clinical practice guideline update on the risk assessment, diagnostic imaging, and microbiological evaluation of complicated intra-abdominal infections in adults, children, and pregnant people, developed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. In this guideline, the panel provides recommendations for obtaining blood cultures in patients with known or suspected intra-abdominal infection. The panel's recommendations are based on evidence derived from systematic literature reviews and adhere to a standardized methodology for rating the certainty of evidence and strength of recommendation according to the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach.

2024 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections: Utility of Intra-abdominal Fluid Cultures in Adults, Children, and Pregnant People.

This paper is part of a clinical practice guideline update on the risk assessment, diagnostic imaging, and microbiological evaluation of complicated intra-abdominal infections in adults, children, and pregnant people, developed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. In this paper, the panel provides recommendations for obtaining cultures of intra-abdominal fluid in patients with known or suspected intra-abdominal infection. The panel's recommendations are based on evidence derived from systematic literature reviews and adhere to a standardized methodology for rating the certainty of evidence and strength of recommendation according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.

2024 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections: Diagnostic Imaging of Suspected Acute Intra-abdominal Abscess in Adults, Children, and Pregnant People.

This article is part of a clinical practice guideline update on the risk assessment, diagnostic imaging, and microbiological evaluation of complicated intra-abdominal infections in adults, children, and pregnant people, developed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. In this article, the panel provides recommendations for diagnostic imaging of suspected acute intra-abdominal abscess. The panel's recommendations are based on evidence derived from systematic literature reviews and adhere to a standardized methodology for rating the certainty of evidence and strength of recommendation according to the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach.