An overview of drug-induced sodium channel blockade and changes in cardiac conduction: Implications for drug safety.

The human voltage-gated sodium channel Na1.5 (hNa1.5/SCN5A) plays a critical role in the initiation and propagation of action potentials in cardiac myocytes, and its modulation by various drugs has significant implications for cardiac safety.

Interfacility Transfer of Children With Time-Sensitive Surgical Conditions, 2002-2017.

Importance: Surgical care for children in the United States has become increasingly regionalized among fewer centers over time. The degree to which regionalization may be associated with access to urgent surgical care for time-sensitive conditions is not clear.

Objective: To investigate whether transfers and travel distance have increased for 4 surgical conditions, and whether changes in transfers and travel distance have been more pronounced for rural vs urban children.

Classification and Surgical Management of Anorectal Malformations: A Systematic Review and Evidence-based Guideline From the APSA Outcomes and Evidence-based Practice Committee.

Objective: Treatment of neonates with anorectal malformations (ARMs) can be challenging due to variability in anatomic definitions, multiple approaches to surgical management, and heterogeneity of reported outcomes. The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize existing evidence, identify treatment controversies, and provide guidelines for perioperative care.

Methods: The American Pediatric Surgical Association Outcomes and Evidence Based Practice Committee (OEBP) drafted five consensus-based questions regarding management of children with ARMs.

Screening and Prophylaxis for Venous Thromboembolism in Pediatric Surgery: A Systematic Review.

Objective: The American Pediatric Surgical Association Outcomes and Evidence-Based Practice Committee conducted a systematic review to describe the epidemiology of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in pediatric surgical and trauma patients and develop recommendations for screening and prophylaxis.

Methods: The Medline (Ovid), Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases were queried from January 2000 through December 2021. Search terms addressed the following topics: incidence, ultrasound screening, and mechanical and pharmacologic prophylaxis.

Management of Recurrent Giant Cell Tumor of Distal Tibia With Intramedullary Hindfoot Fusion Nail and Trabecular Metal Implant Construct.

Reconstruction options for giant cell tumors (GCTs) of bone are limited and challenging due to the amount of structural compromise and the high recurrence rates. This is especially true for GCTs of the foot and ankle, as the area is vital for weight bearing and function. The typical treatment for GCTs is currently excision, curettage, and cementation, although that is not always effective.

The Long and Winding Road to Real-Life Experiments: Remote Assessment of Executive Functions with Computerized Games-Results from 8 Years of Naturalistic Interventions.

Mate Marote is an open-access cognitive training software aimed at children between 4 and 8 years old. It consists of a set of computerized games specifically tailored to train and evaluate Executive Functions (EF), a class of processes critical for purposeful, goal-directed behavior, including working memory, planning, flexibility, and inhibitory control. Since 2008, several studies were performed with this software at children's own schools in interventions supervised in-person by cognitive scientists.

A Pilot Study of Pembrolizumab Combined With Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy for Patients With Advanced or Metastatic Sarcoma.

Objectives: Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors has shown only limited success in the management of metastatic soft tissue sarcoma. Overall response rates (ORR) with single agent pembrolizumab were 18% and median PFS was 18 weeks on the clinical trial SARC028. One strategy to improve the responses to immunotherapy is with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), which can enhance the antitumor CD8 T cell response through the release of tumor-specific antigens, potentially priming a more diverse class of T cell receptors.

Twice-Daily Proton Pump Inhibitor Induces Higher Remission Rate in Eosinophilic Esophagitis Than Once-Daily Regimen Regardless of Total Daily Dose.

Introduction: The optimal proton pump inhibitor (PPI) regimen for eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is unclear. We compared histologic response rates of different dosing combinations.

Methods: A total of 305 patients with newly diagnosed EoE received standard (omeprazole 20 mg daily), once-daily moderate (40 mg daily), twice-daily moderate (20 mg twice daily), or high (40 mg twice daily) dose PPI for ≥8 weeks.

Allergic phenotype identified on allergen testing is associated with proton pump inhibitor nonresponse in eosinophilic esophagitis.

Background And Aim: Food/environmental allergens have been associated with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE); however, the correlation between allergy profiles and disease responsiveness to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy remains unclear. We aimed to assess the association between food/environmental allergies identified on allergen testing and histologic response to PPI in patients with treatment-naive EoE.

Methods: Adults with newly diagnosed EoE who underwent formal testing for food/environmental allergies at a tertiary center were included.

Obesity Is Associated with Altered Rectal Sensitivity in Chronic Constipation.

Background: Defecation dysfunction may contribute to chronic constipation (CC), but the impact of obesity on anorectal physiology in CC remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between obesity and anorectal function on physiologic testing in patients presenting with CC.

Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of consecutive adults who underwent high resolution anorectal manometry (HRAM) at a tertiary center for CC.

Changing Landscape of Routine Pediatric Surgery for Rural and Urban Children: A Report From the Child Health Evaluation of Surgical Services (CHESS) Group.

Objective: To describe the changes to routine pediatric surgical care over the past 2 decades for children living in urban and rural environments.

Background: A knowledge gaps exists regarding trends in the location where routine pediatric surgical care is provided to children from urban and rural environments over time.

Methods: Children (age 0-18) undergoing 7 common surgeries were identified using State Inpatient Databases (SID, 2002-2017).

A Simple and Versatile Test for Elbow Posterolateral Rotatory Instability.

Background: Posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI) results from lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LCL) deficiency. The lateral pivot shift test is used to diagnose PLRI but can be difficult to perform and is poorly tolerated. We present a new maneuver, the Posterior Radiocapitellar Subluxation Test (PRST), that we believe is easier to perform.

A better alignment between chronotype and school timing is associated with lower grade retention in adolescents.

Schools start early in the morning all over the world, contrasting with adolescents' late chronotype. Interestingly, lower academic performance (i.e.

Surgical Fixation Method in Lower Extremity Intercalary Allograft Reconstruction After Oncologic Resection: A Comparison of Plates and Nails.

Introduction: Fixation in intercalary allograft reconstruction includes plates and intramedullary nails. The purpose of this study was to examine rates of nonunion, fracture, the overall need for revision surgery, and allograft survival based on the surgical fixation method in lower extremity intercalary allografts.

Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on 51 patients with intercalary allograft reconstruction in the lower extremity.

Exploring Chronic Pain and Pain Management Perspectives: Qualitative Pilot Analysis of Web-Based Health Community Posts.

Background: Patient perspectives are central to the US Food and Drug Administration's benefit-risk decision-making process in the evaluation of medical products. Traditional channels of communication may not be feasible for all patients and consumers. Social media websites have increasingly been recognized by researchers as a means to gain insights into patients' views about treatment and diagnostic options, the health care system, and their experiences living with their conditions.

The effectiveness and mechanical properties of chemotherapy-impregnated cement in Ewing sarcoma.

Bone cement is often used in the surgical treatment of Ewing sarcoma (ES). Chemotherapy-impregnated cement (CIC) has never been tested in slowing ES growth. The purpose of the study is to determine if CIC can decrease cell proliferation, and to assess changes in the mechanical qualities of the cement.

Baseline Peripheral Eosinophil Count Independently Predicts Proton Pump Inhibitor Response in Eosinophilic Esophagitis.

Goals: To assess the predictive value of baseline peripheral absolute eosinophil counts (AECs) for proton pump inhibitor (PPI) response in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE).

Background: PPI leads to histologic remission in ~50% of EoE patients, although there are few distinguishing clinical features between PPI-responsive (PPI-r-EoE) and nonresponsive (PPI-nr-EoE) diseases. Peripheral eosinophilia is present in ~50% of EoE cases and is associated with eosinophil density on esophageal biopsy and worse clinical outcomes.

Assessment of the clinical and allergy profiles of PPI responsive and non-responsive eosinophilic esophagitis.

A subset of patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) respond to proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy, however they cannot be distinguished prior to PPI trial and the mechanism of PPI response remains unclear. Improved understanding of the distinct patient phenotypes in PPI-responsive EoE (PPI-r-EoE), PPI-non-responsive EoE (PPI-nr-EoE) and erosive esophagitis (EE) may help guide management. The aim of this paper is to compare the clinical and allergy profiles of PPI-r-EoE versus PPI-nr-EoE and EE.

Overlapping Transcriptional Profile in Proton Pump Inhibitor Responsive and Nonresponsive Eosinophilic Esophagitis.

Introduction: We compared esophageal mucosal gene transcript expression in proton pump inhibitor (PPI) responsive (PPI-R) eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE), PPI nonresponsive (PPI-NR) EoE, and healthy controls.

Methods: Transcript expression in midesophagus biopsies was determined using NanoString and a custom panel of EoE-specific genes. The top upregulated and downregulated genes with ≥2-fold difference in expression and statistically significant ( P < 0.

Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis: A Review of the Noninfectious Inflammatory Bone Disease and Lessons for More Timely Diagnosis.

Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is an idiopathic autoinflammatory disease of the bone that typically occurs in children and adolescents. CRMO is characterized by recurrent periods of exacerbation and remission of symptomatic, osteolytic/sclerotic sterile bone lesions and is often a diagnosis of exclusion. Treatment consists of multimodal anti-inflammatory medication management by rheumatology and rarely involves surgery.

Chronotype at the beginning of secondary school and school timing are both associated with chronotype development during adolescence.

The misalignment between late chronotypes and early school start times affect health, performance and psychological well-being of adolescents. Here we test whether, and how, the baseline chronotype (i.e.

Gastrostomy Tube Use in Pediatrics: A Systematic Review.

Context: Despite frequency of gastrostomy placement procedures in children, there remains considerable variability in preoperative work-up and procedural technique of gastrostomy placement and a paucity of literature regarding patient-centric outcomes.

Objectives: This review summarizes existing literature and provides consensus-driven guidelines for patients throughout the enteral access decision-making process.

Data Sources: PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline, and Scopus.

A Machine Learning Approach to Personalize Computerized Cognitive Training Interventions.

Executive functions are a class of cognitive processes critical for purposeful goal-directed behavior. Cognitive training is the adequate stimulation of executive functions and has been extensively studied and applied for more than 20 years. However, there is still a lack of solid consensus in the scientific community about its potential to elicit consistent improvements in untrained domains.