Chitosan hydrogel nanoparticle enhance therapeutic effect of bovine umbilical mesenchymal stem cell conditioned medium on canine cognitive dysfunction or canine Alzheimer's like mediated by inhibition of neuronal apoptotic.

In treating brain diseases, such as canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD), most currently available potent drugs have weak therapeutic efficacy. One of the causes is the inability of the substance to reach the brain in therapeutic quantities. These pharmaceuticals lacked targeted mechanisms for drug delivery, coming about in an elevated drug concentration in imperative organs, which drove to drug harmfulness.

Lingual morphology of domesticated Asian small-clawed otters in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

This study aimed to observe the lingual morphology of the domesticated Asian small-clawed otter, (), from Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Six domesticated adults were obtained from a local otter breeder in Yogyakarta, with no regard to sex. The animals were acclimated to the laboratory for one day, following this, the animals underwent macroscopy identification and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM) analysis.

Morphological and scanning electron microscopic study of the lingual papillae in the Javan Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus javanicus).

There are vast numbers of bats, in terms of both individuals and species, in Indonesia, although the precise species count is currently unknown. These bats demonstrate great variation in feeding patterns, with some being insectivorous, frugivorous, nectar-eating or carnivorous. One of the insectivorous bats found on Java Island, Indonesia, is the Javan pipistrelle (Pipistrellus javanicus).

The distribution of serotonergic nerve on the hippocampus of the fruit bats ().

Background: is one of the old world fruit bats, commonly known in Javanese word as codot belongs to Order Chiroptera and suborder Megachiroptera. possessed an outstanding visual ability, which helps in the process of searching for food. Those activities process and save within the brain involving the learning and memory activities.

Morphological study of the lingual papillae in the fruit bat (Rousettus amplexicaudatus) by scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy.

This study was carried on the tongues of ten normal, healthy and adult fruit bats (Rousettus amplexicaudatus, also known as the nyap biasa bat) in Yogyakarta, Java Island, Indonesia. The tongue was protrusible, elongated and flat with a rounded apex, and its width and thickness increased gradually towards to lingual root. There were two main types of lingual papillae, mechanical (filiform) and gustatory (fungiform and circumvallate).