APOE Protects Against Severe Infection with by Restraining Production of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps.

While neutrophils are the predominant cell type in the lungs of humans with active tuberculosis (TB), they are relatively scarce in the lungs of most strains of mice that are used to study the disease. However, similar to humans, neutrophils account for approximately 45% of CD45+ cells in the lungs of mice on a high-cholesterol (HC) diet following infection with (Mtb). We hypothesized that the susceptibility of HC mice might arise from an unrestrained feed-forward loop in which production of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) stimulates production of type I interferons by pDCs which in turn leads to the recruitment and activation of more neutrophils, and demonstrated that depleting neutrophils, depleting plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), or blocking type I interferon signaling, improved the outcome of infection.

Exposure to air pollution is associated with adipokines in midlife women: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation.

This study examined the associations between ambient air pollution exposure, including fine particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO), and ozone (O), with serum levels of high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin, leptin, and soluble leptin receptors (sOB-R) in midlife women. The analysis included 1551 participants from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (median age = 52.3 years) with adipokine data from 2002 to 2003.

Oxysterol binding protein regulates the resolution of TLR-induced cytokine production in macrophages.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on macrophages sense microbial components and trigger the production of numerous cytokines and chemokines that mediate the inflammatory response to infection. Although many of the components required for the activation of the TLR pathway have been identified, the mechanisms that appropriately regulate the magnitude and duration of the response and ultimately restore homeostasis are less well understood. Furthermore, a growing body of work indicates that TLR signaling reciprocally interacts with other fundamental cellular processes, including lipid metabolism but only a few specific molecular links between immune signaling and the macrophage lipidome have been studied in detail.

Host and pathogen genetic diversity shape vaccine-mediated protection to .

To investigate how host and pathogen diversity govern immunity against (Mtb), we performed a large-scale screen of vaccine-mediated protection against aerosol Mtb infection using three inbred mouse strains [C57BL/6 (B6), C3HeB/FeJ (C3H), Balb/c x 129/SvJ (C129F1)] and three Mtb strains (H37Rv, CDC1551, SA161) representing two lineages and distinct virulence properties. We compared three protective modalities, all of which involve inoculation with live mycobacteria: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only approved TB vaccine, delivered either subcutaneously or intravenously, and concomitant Mtb infection (CoMtb), a model of pre-existing immunity in which a low-level Mtb infection is established in the cervical lymph node following intradermal inoculation. We examined lung bacterial burdens at early (Day 28) and late (Day 98) time points after aerosol Mtb challenge and histopathology at Day 98.

Exploring regulatory flexibility to create novel incentives to optimize drug discovery.

Efforts by governments, firms, and patients to deliver pioneering drugs for critical health needs face a challenge of diminishing efficiency in developing those medicines. While multi-sectoral collaborations involving firms, researchers, patients, and policymakers are widely recognized as crucial for countering this decline, existing incentives to engage in drug development predominantly target drug manufacturers and thereby do little to stimulate collaborative innovation. In this mini review, we consider the unexplored potential within pharmaceutical regulations to create novel incentives to encourage a diverse set of actors from the public and private spheres to engage in the kind of collaborative knowledge exchange requisite for fostering enhanced innovation in early drug development.

Encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis Procedure: A Treatment Option for Patients With Moyamoya Disease.

Moyamoya disease is a progressive cerebrovascular disorder for which there is no cure. It is characterized by narrowing of and occlusions in the blood vessels that supply the brain, which causes a fine vascular network to develop to serve as collateral pathways. Moyamoya disease can lead to a reduction of blood flow to the brain and increase the risk of stroke.

Longitudinal Changes in Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) and Risk of Incident Diabetes: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN).

Objective: To investigate the associations of longitudinal changes in sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and testosterone (T) over the menopause transition with the risk of diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: We followed 2,952 participants in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) who were premenopausal or early perimenopausal and diabetes-free at baseline. SHBG,T, and estradiol (E2) levels were measured at up to 13 follow-up visits (over up to 17 years).

Heavy Metals and Trajectories of Anti-Müllerian Hormone During the Menopausal Transition.

Background: Experimental and epidemiological studies have linked metals with women's reproductive aging, but the mechanisms are not well understood. Disrupted ovarian folliculogenesis and diminished ovarian reserve could be a pathway through which metals impact reproductive hormones and outcomes.

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the associations of heavy metals with anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), a marker of ovarian reserve.

Associations between exposure to air pollution and sex hormones during the menopausal transition.

Menopause is a significant milestone in a woman's life, characterized by decreasing estradiol (E2) and increasing follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels. Growing evidence suggests that air pollution may affect reproductive health and disrupt hormone profiles, yet the associations in women undergoing menopausal transition (MT) remains underexplored. We examined the associations between annual air pollutant exposures and repeated measures of E2 and FSH in 1365 women with known final menstrual period (FMP) date from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation.

AgRP neuron activity promotes associations between sensory and nutritive signals to guide flavor preference.

Objective: The learned associations between sensory cues (e.g., taste, smell) and nutritive value (e.

AgRP neuron activity promotes associations between sensory and nutritive signals to guide flavor preference.

Objective: The learned associations between sensory cues (e.g., taste, smell) and nutritive value (e.

Use of real-time monitors to evaluate the potential exposure of secondhand electronic cigarette particulate matter inside vehicles.

Electronic cigarette (ECIG) use continues to be highly prevalent, especially among youth and young adults. Potential exposure from secondhand ECIG particulate matter (PM) places bystanders in danger of inhaling harmful substances, especially in confined spaces. This study was conducted to measure the potential exposure from secondhand ECIG PM exposure in vehicles, with participants completing a 30-min ECIG use session in their own vehicle with their preferred ECIG device.

Nutrition considerations in the transgender and gender-diverse patient.

The nutrition professional is increasingly providing care to individuals who identify as transgender. However, there are few definitive guidelines on providing medical nutrition care to this population. It is becoming better understood that this population is at elevated nutrition risk secondary to significant health disparities.

How financial mechanisms can incentivize provision of ecosystem services from land restoration: A systematic review protocol.

The current food chain both contributes to, and is affected by, climate change. While GHG emissions and emissions to water and soil are a problem for the whole food chain, the majority of such emissions and the major solutions to them can be found in the farming and land use sector. The farming system needs to reduce its greenhouse-gas emissions and adapt its supply chain to cope with climate change.

Secondhand electronic cigarette aerosol in vehicles impacts indoor air quality.

Background: Electronic cigarette (ECIG) use in vehicles represents a public health concern due to the potential for exposure to high concentrations of particulate matter (PM) and other toxicants. This study examined the impact of ECIG use on air quality in vehicles.

Methods: People who reported current ECIG use (n=60; mean age=20.

Critical ethnography and its others: Entanglement of matter/meaning/madness.

Beginning with a critical examination of the humanist assumptions of critical ethnography, this article interrogates and surfaces problems with the ontological and epistemological orientations of this research methodology. In drawing on exemplar empirical data from an arts-based project, the article demonstrates the limitations in the humanist-based qualitative research approach and advances a postdualist, postrepresentationalist direction for critical ethnography called entangled ethnography. Using data from a larger study that examined the perspectives of racialized mad artists, what is demonstrated in this inquiry is that the entanglement of bodies, objects, and meaning-making practices is central to working with the ontologically excluded, such as those who find themselves in various states of disembodiment and/or corporeal and psychic distribution.

Activin B and Activin C Have Opposing Effects on Prostate Cancer Progression and Cell Growth.

Current prognostic and diagnostic tests for prostate cancer are not able to accurately distinguish between aggressive and latent cancer. Members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFB) family are known to be important in regulating prostate cell growth and some have been shown to be dysregulated in prostate cancer. Therefore, the aims of this study were to examine expression of TGFB family members in primary prostate tumour tissue and the phenotypic effect of activins on prostate cell growth.

Dietary, Psychological and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Premenstrual Symptoms.

Purpose: To measure the associations of diet, psycological distress, and lifestyle factors with premenstrual symptoms (PMSx) in women in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Patients And Methods: An interview-based, cross-sectional study was conducted on 1831 women aged 18-50 years seen in primary healthcare centers and teaching institutes in Riyadh from December 2015 to June 2016. Question topics included sociodemographics, physical activity, smoking, and dietary habits information.

Intranasal Oxytocin Modulates Decision-Making Depending on Outcome Predictability-A Randomized Within-Subject Controlled Trial in Healthy Males.

Oxytocin (OT) has been extensively studied with regard to its socio-cognitive and -behavioral effects. Its potential as a therapeutic agent is being discussed for a range of neuropsychiatric conditions. However, there is limited evidence of its effects on non-social cognition in general and decision-making in particular, despite the importance of these functions in neuropsychiatry.

Sexual functioning among breast cancer survivors and non-cancer controls over 5 years post diagnosis: Pink SWAN.

Purpose: To compare sexual functioning from diagnosis to 5 years post diagnosis among breast cancer survivors (BCS) and women without cancer (controls).

Patients And Methods: Analyses included 118 BCS and 1765 controls from 20 years of the longitudinal Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN), a multiracial/ethnic cohort of mid-life women assessed approximately annually from 1995 to 2015. Pink SWAN participants reported no cancer at SWAN enrollment and developed (BCS) or did not develop (controls) incident breast cancer after enrollment.

Exposure to heavy metals and hormone levels in midlife women: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN).

Exposure to heavy metals may alter the circulating levels of sex hormones. However, epidemiologic studies on heavy metals and sex hormones have been limited, and results have been inconsistent. We assessed the associations of heavy metals assayed in urine, including arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury, with repeated measures of serum estradiol (E), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation Multi-Pollutant Study.