Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy and multiple sclerosis: overlap between mitochondrial disease and neuroinflammation.

Although Multiple sclerosis (MS) and Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) have distinct pathophysiological mechanisms, they are both neurodegenerative conditions that involve mitochondrial dysfunction. MS is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by demyelination and neuroinflammation; and LHON is a mitochondrial disorder predominantly affecting the optic nerves, resulting in severe vision loss. Recent studies have highlighted the coexistence of these two conditions, particularly in females, suggesting that mitochondrial variants in LHON may predispose individuals to develop MS or affect its progression.

The combination of endurance exercise and SGTC (Salvia-Ginseng-Trigonella-Cinnamon) ameliorate mitochondrial markers' overexpression with sufficient ATP production in the skeletal muscle of mice fed AGEs-rich high-fat diet.

Background: Skeletal muscle mitochondria is one of the most important affected sites of T2DM and its molecular mechanism is yet to be elucidated. Some recent theories believed that mitochondrial markers are upregulated in response to high fat induced T2DM; however, the reasons and the affected factors are still uncertain. In this regard, we aimed to investigate the effect of high fat induced T2DM on mitochondrial markers of skeletal muscle, and an herbal component along with endurance exercise, as probable treatments, in AGE-rich high-fat diet (AGEs-HFD) induced T2DM mice.

A combination of herbal compound (SPTC) along with exercise or metformin more efficiently alleviated diabetic complications through down-regulation of stress oxidative pathway upon activating Nrf2-Keap1 axis in AGE rich diet-induced type 2 diabetic mice.

Background: SPTC is a mix of four herbal components (Salvia officinalis, Panax ginseng, Trigonella foenum-graeceum, and Cinnamomum zeylanicum) which might be prevented the development of AGE rich diet-induced diabetic complication and liver injury through activated the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related-factor-2 (Nrf2) pathway. Nrf2, as a master regulator of antioxidant response elements by activating cytoprotective genes expression, is decreased oxidative stress that associated with hyperglycemia and increases insulin sensitivity. the aim of this study was to assess whether the combination therapy of SPTC along with exercise or metformin moderate oxidative stress related liver injurie with more favorable effects in the treatment of AGE rich diet-induced type 2 diabetic mice.

An overview of Betacoronaviruses-associated severe respiratory syndromes, focusing on sex-type-specific immune responses.

Emerging beta-coronaviruses (β-CoVs), including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoV-1 (SARS-CoV-1), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV), and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID19) are responsible for acute respiratory illnesses in human. The epidemiological features of the SARS, MERS, and new COVID-19 have revealed sex-dependent variations in the infection, frequency, treatment, and fatality rates of these syndromes. Females are likely less susceptible to viral infections, perhaps due to their steroid hormone levels, the impact of X-linked genes, and the sex-based immune responses.

Cytoprotective effects of antioxidant supplementation on mesenchymal stem cell therapy.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are earmarked as perfect candidates for cell therapy and tissue engineering due to their capacity to differentiate into different cell types. However, their potential for application in regenerative medicine declines when the levels of the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) increase from the physiological levels, a phenomenon which is at least inevitable in ex vivo cultures and air-exposed damaged tissues. Increased levels of RONS can alter the patterns of osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation and inhibit proliferation, as well.