Identification of a mosaic MTOR variant in purified neuronal DNA in a patient with focal cortical dysplasia using a novel depth electrode harvesting technique.

Objective: Recent studies have identified brain somatic variants as a cause of focal epilepsy. These studies relied on resected tissue from epilepsy surgery, which is not available in most patients. The use of trace tissue adherent to depth electrodes used for stereo electroencephalography (EEG) has been proposed as an alternative but is hampered by the low cell quality and contamination by nonbrain cells.

Distal ventriculoperitoneal shunt catheter tightly coiled around the valve in the absence of a subgaleal cerebrospinal fluid collection: illustrative case.

Background: Among the known complications of ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts, subcutaneous or subgaleal migration of distal catheters is rare. Prior case reports have proposed several risk factors, including inadequate fixation of the shunt device, presence of a large subgaleal space filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and repetitive flexion/extension movement of the head producing a "windlass effect." Tight coiling of a distal catheter around the valve without a large subgaleal space has not been reported.

Prognostic Factors for Pediatric Acute Encephalopathy Associated with Severe Brain Edema.

Background And Objective: Acute encephalopathy is a life-threatening brain dysfunction in children, often associated with a preceding infection and diffuse noninflammatory brain edema. At present, the role of decompressive craniectomy (DC) over the swollen area of the brain is unclear. The risk factors for predicting clinical deterioration also need clarification.

Quadrigeminal arachnoid cyst with perinatal encephalocele.

Introduction: Quadrigeminal arachnoid cyst (QAC) associated with encephalocele is rare; and while some treatments have been developed in recent years, no definite therapeutic approach for QAC has been established. Endoscopic treatment for arachnoid cyst is gaining popularity because it is relatively less invasive to the normal brain tissues.

Case Presentation: The patient, a 4-year-old girl, presented with QAC associated with congenital occipital encephalocele.

Characteristics of Recurrent Congenital Sinus Pericranii: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Introduction: Sinus pericranii (SP) involves transosseous vessels that connect the intra- and extracranial venous systems. Accessory-type SP can be cured by surgical or endovascular treatment. Reports of recurrence are, however, rare.

Removal of a minimal amount of subdural hematoma is effective and sufficient for term neonates with severe symptomatic spontaneous parenchymal hemorrhage.

Introduction: Spontaneous parenchymal hemorrhage of term neonates is usually asymptomatic and does not require surgical intervention. However, there is no consensus on the management of cases with severe life-threatening symptoms, including repeated apnea, respiratory failure with severe cyanosis, severe bradycardia, or uncontrolled seizures.

Cases: Our medical records of term neonates with intracranial hemorrhage who underwent surgical intervention were retrospectively reviewed.

Surgical management of cervical spine deformity in chondrodysplasia punctata.

OBJECTIVE Chondrodysplasia punctata (CDP), a rare skeletal dysplasia, can lead to cervical spine instability and deformity. However, an optimal neurosurgical intervention has yet to be established. Thus, a retrospective study was conducted to assess the efficacy of various surgical interventions for children with CDP.

Impact of magnetic resonance imaging and urodynamic studies on the management of sacrococcygeal dimples.

OBJECTIVE Sacrococcygeal dimples in neonates and infants are of uncertain pathological import. Previously they were believed to be rarely associated with intraspinal anomalies. Recent studies using MRI, however, revealed that 6%-7% of pediatric cases of sacrococcygeal dimples were associated with anatomical tethered spinal cord (TSC).

Pediatric intraventricular arachnoid cysts in the body of lateral ventricle: surgical outcome and its embryologic background.

Purpose: The aim of this study is for the surgical treatment and outcome of the endoscopic fenestration of the arachnoid cyst located in the ventricular body to trigone in the pediatric population. Special concern was paid for the developmental origin of the intraventricular cysts estimated from the postoperative follow-up neuroimagings.

Patients And Methods: Between July 2002 and June 2015, we performed endoscopic and partly CT/MRI navigated fenestrations of intraventricular arachnoid cysts located at the body to trigone of the lateral ventricle in ten pediatric patients aged 2 months to 5 years.

Reversible diffusion weighted imaging hyperintensities during the acute phase of ischemic stroke in pediatric moyamoya disease: a case report.

Background: Moyamoya disease is one of the primary causes of pediatric ischemic stroke, especially in East Asia. Areas of high signal intensity on diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) with decreased apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values usually point to irreversible ischemic damage. Reversibility of these DWI hyperintensities during the acute phase of ischemic stroke in pediatric moyamoya disease has not previously been reported.

Endovascular embolization of brain arteriovenous malformations with Eudragit-E.

Eudragit-E was originally developed as a non-adhesive liquid embolic material in the late 1990s and is a copolymer of methyl and butyl methacrylate and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate that is dissolved in ethanol and iopamidol. This material has been used for endovascular embolization of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) for some time but is currently not widely used. Because safety and feasibility of Eudragit-E has not been well documented, we here report our experience using this material for treating 22 human brain AVMs.

Alteration in radiological subtype of spinal lipoma: case report.

We experienced a rare case of lipomyelomeningocele diagnosed at birth by magnetic resonance imaging which transformed the radiological appearance after 2 months into the transitional-type spinal lipoma with rapid increase in size of lipoma. Intraoperative findings revealed the presence of the dural sac extended dorsally outside the vertebral canal, which was characteristic of lipomyelomeningocele. Although there have been several reports showing that the size of spinal lipoma changed during development, there have been no reports which demonstrated alteration of radiological subtype with rapid increase of lipoma.

Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula with lipomyelodysplasia.

A 72-year-old man presented with a very rare case of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (AVF) with lipomyelodysplasia manifesting as progressive paraparesis and bladder dysfunction. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a spinal lipoma associated with tethered cord and spinal cord swelling with dilated perimedullary veins. Embolization of the spinal dural AVF was successfully performed, and is an optional treatment for coexisting spinal dural AVF and lipomyelocele in adults.

Tolloid-like 1 is negatively regulated by stress and glucocorticoids.

Glucocorticoids affect a variety of tissues to enable the organism to adapt to the stress. Hippocampal neurons contain glucocorticoid receptors and respond to elevated glucocorticoid levels by down-regulating the HPA axis. Chronically, however, stress is deleterious to hippocampal neurons.