The influence of disease on feed and water consumption and on pharmacokinetics of orally administered oxytetracycline in pigs.

In the present study the feed and water consumption and pharmacokinetic parameters of orally administered oxytetracycline were compared in clinically healthy pigs and in the same pigs following a challenge with Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae toxins. Endobronchial challenge with A. pleuropneumniae toxins was accompanied by anorexia, increased lassitude, labored breathing, fever, and increased white blood cell counts.

The pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline following intravenous administration in healthy and diseased pigs.

The pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline (OTC) were studied in healthy pigs and in pigs endobronchially inoculated with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae toxins. In two groups of seven pigs OTC was administered intravenously in a single dose of 10 or 50 mg/kg, respectively. OTC was administered to clinically healthy pigs and 7 days later at 3 h after a challenge with A.

The influence of the injection site on the bioavailability of ampicillin and amoxycillin in beagles.

Influence of the injection site on bioavailability in dogs was investigated for injections with ampicillin anhydrate or amoxycillin trihydrate suspensions. Firstly, pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated after IV administration of the sodium salts. Then the dogs were injected in the neck (SC), in the lateral thorax region (SC), in the back (IM) and in the thigh (IM), respectively.

Influence of gestation on the pharmacokinetics of four sulphonamides in goats.

The influence of gestation on the pharmacokinetics of four sulphonamides was studied in goats before, during and after pregnancy. Similar doses were given as intravenous boluses of 50 mg kg-1 each. Results were compared with those of non-pregnant goats to eliminate seasonal effects.

Has bovine somatotropin (BST) an effect upon drug disposition? Comparative studies in goats and cattle with sulphadimidine and antipyrine after parenteral administration of BST, zeranol and proligestone.

Daily subcutaneous BST injection in lactating cows, bulls and castrated male dwarf goats did not induce significant changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of antipyrine (AP) and sulphadimidine (SDD). Similarly, no changes were obtained after injection of slow-release BST formulations in lactating cows and non-lactating female goats. In contrast to androgenic hormones, both zeranol and proligestone had no effect upon the disposition of AP and SDD, although both synthetic hormones did induce enhanced plasma somatotropin concentrations.

Pharmacokinetics of three formulations of diphenylhydantoin in the dog.

The pharmacokinetics of the sodium salt of diphenylhydantoin was studied in three healthy dogs, using three formulations, a capsule, a tablet and a suspension. The results were essentially the same for all three formulations. The serum half life after intravenous injection ranged from 3.

Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of sulphadimidine in kids at 12 and 18 weeks of age.

The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of sulphadimidine (SDM) following intravenous administration of 100 mg/kg were studied in seven dwarf preruminant kids at 12 weeks of age, and again at the ruminant stage, when the animals were 18 weeks old. The persistence of SDM in 18-week-old kids was prolonged in comparison to the 12-week-old animals: a lower total body clearance and a prolonged elimination of SDM were obtained in the older animals. The renal clearance values of SDM and its metabolites were the same at both ages.

Effect of tick-borne fever (Ehrlichia phagocytophila) and trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma brucei 1066) on the pharmacokinetics of sulfadimidine and its metabolites in goats.

The effect of tick-borne fever (TBF) and trypanosomiasis (TBR) on the plasma disposition of sulfadimidine (SDD) in goats was studied after iv administration of 20 and 200 mg/kg of body weight. In each group of six goats, the plasma disappearance curves showed four animals with rapid and two with slow SDD elimination. It is likely that this difference is determined by oxidative rather than acetylation phenotype.

Effect of trenbolone and testosterone on the plasma elimination rates of sulfamethazine, trimethoprim, and antipyrine in female dwarf goats.

Plasma elimination rates of sulfamethazine (100 mg/kg of body weight, IV), trimethoprim (20 mg/kg, IV), and antipyrine (35 mg/kg, IV) were studied in adult female dwarf goats (n = 5) before and after implantation with trenbolone acetate (5 mg/kg). Pretreatment with trenbolone caused a significant decrease in the elimination rate of the drugs tested: for sulfamethazine, 5 times; for antipyrine, 3 times; and for trimethoprim, 2 times. After treatment with testosterone (1 mg/kg, SC, twice weekly for 2.

Levamisole pharmacokinetics and bioavailability in dogs.

Levamisole was given intravenously and orally (with and without food) to six dogs. All dogs reacted adversely to intravenous dosage and one died. For the remaining five, intravenous data fitted a one compartment model with first order elimination and a mean half-time of elimination of 1.

The effect of testosterone and rutting on the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of sulphadimidine in goats.

After testosterone pretreatment of castrated goats and during the rutting season of adult entire male goats, the oxidative metabolism of sulphadimidine (SDM) was inhibited markedly compared with the castrated control state of these animals. The oxidation of the 5 position (yielding 5-hydroxysulphadimidine) and of the 6-hydroxymethyl group (yielding 6-carboxysulphadimidine) was decreased equally, with that of the methyl group at the pyrimidine side chain itself being 6-hydroxymethylsulphadimidine (CH2OH), whereas the acetylation pathway was unaffected by testosterone. The consequence of altered metabolism by testosterone was a prolongation of SDM presence in the body.

Some pharmacokinetic data of aditoprim and trimethoprim in healthy and tick-borne fever infected dwarf goats.

Aditoprim (AP) is a new dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, which is structurally related to trimethoprim (TMP). The pharmacokinetics of AP (10 mg/kg) and TMP (20 mg/kg) were assessed in healthy dwarf goats. Therapeutic efficacy against rickettsial infections was tested in tick-borne fever (TBF) infected goats.

Pharmacokinetics of three sulphonamides in ruminant and preruminant kids.

The pharmacokinetic properties of three sulphonamides were determined in ruminant and preruminant kids after oral and intravenous administration. First, sulphisomidine (SIM, 50 mg kg-1) and sulphadoxine (SDX, 30 mg kg-1) were given to seven kids, 10 to 12 weeks old, while on a milk replacer diet and again at 15 to 18 weeks when fed roughage. Secondly, SIM (100 mg kg-1) and sulphadimidine (SDD, 100 mg kg-1) were given at six to nine, 12 to 15 and 18 to 21 weeks old to eight kids, of which four were fed milk replacer and four were with their mothers (with access to roughage) until 15 weeks, after which all were fed roughage only.

Comparative study of ampicillin and amoxycillin after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration in homing pigeons (Columba livia).

Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and amoxycillin after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration was investigated in homing pigeons. The pharmacokinetic parameters in a cross-over study after intravenous administration of the sodium salts were comparable. The only significant difference was found for the distribution phase.

The effect of tick-borne fever on metabolism and renal clearance of sulfadimidine in goats.

The tick-borne fever (TBF) model was used to study the effect of fever on the metabolism of sulfadimidine in goats. During TBF the elimination half-lives were prolonged, and the renal clearance values of sulfadimidine and the majority of its metabolites were markedly diminished compared with those in the uninfected state. During TBF the steady-state levels of the hydroxy metabolites were markedly increased.

Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and amoxycillin from tablets, capsules and long-acting preparations in the homing pigeon (Columba livia).

Three ampicillin and three amoxycillin formulations (tablets and capsules, administered orally, and oily suspensions, injected intramuscularly (i.m.) and subcutaneously (s.

Chemotherapy and pharmacokinetics of some antimicrobial agents in healthy dwarf goats and those infected with Ehrlichia phagocytophila (tick-borne fever).

The therapeutic efficacy and pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline (10 mg kg-1), ampicillin (20 mg kg-1) and a combination (TSS) of trimethoprim (20 mg kg-1), sulphadimidine (50 mg kg-1) and sulphamethylphenazole (50 mg kg-1) were investigated in normal dwarf goats and in those infected with Ehrlichia phagocytophila. Goats given oxytetracycline or TSS intravenously showed improvement, whereas ampicillin was ineffective. The infected goats had significantly prolonged elimination half-life values for sulphadimidine and oxytetracycline.

The effect of testosterone on the plasma disappearance rates of sulphadimidine and antipyrine in castrated dwarf goats.

Plasma disappearance of sulphadimidine and antipyrine was studied in adult castrated dwarf goats before and following pretreatment with testosterone. Comparison was made with entire males before and after castration. Testosterone pretreatment caused a significant increase in the apparent elimination half-life in castrates, whilst in entire males castration caused a significant decrease.

[Gentamicin: various pharmacotherapeutic aspects in comparison with other aminoglycosides].

Gentamicin may be used in the treatment of infection with gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas spp and Proteus spp. Resistance will only appear in suboptimal or too prolonged courses of treatment and usually is due to 'multi-step mutation'. This resistance may be prevented, among others, by combined treatment with gentamicin and an antibiotic of the beta lactam group.

Pharmacokinetic aspects of penicillins, aminoglycosides and chloramphenicol in birds compared to mammals. A review.

Based on a review of the literature, a comparison is made of the pharmacokinetics of penicillins, aminoglycosides, and chloramphenicol in birds and mammals. Penicillins in birds are likely to be more dependent for their elimination on biotransformation than in mammals. Amoxycillin had a relatively low availability (0.

Clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of flumequine after intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration in pigeons (Columba livia).

The in-vitro activity of flumequine against 157 strains of bacteria isolated from birds was determined. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 96.3% of the Enterobacteriaceae, Proteus spp.