[The management of hypothyroidism during pregnancy.].

During pregnancy, the need for thyroid hormone and its production increase: the presence of a concomitant thyroid disease, however, may prevent the maternal thyroid from meeting such increased demands for hormone production, which could lead to - or worsen - a state of hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism in pregnancy could adversely affect the growth and development of the fetus as well as the course of the pregnancy itself. The present case report involves a 38-year-old woman with autoimmune hypothyroidism, who has been on levothyroxine replacement therapy since adolescence.

COVID-19 lockdown and the rate of central precocious puberty.

Purpose: The aim of our study was to compare the incidence of idiopathic central precocious puberty (CPP) in our highly specialized Endocrinological Center before and after the onset of COVID-19 lockdown; we also aimed to identify any potential difference between girls with CPP from the two different time periods.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the auxological profile of 49 girls with idiopathic CPP: 30 with pre-lockdown onset and 19 with post-lockdown onset of the disease. We collected patients' characteristics (medical history, physical examination, baseline and dynamic hormonal assessment, bone age, pelvic ultrasound) and compared them between the two groups.

The complications of male hypogonadism: is it just a matter of low testosterone?

The history of diagnosing hypogonadism and hypotestosteronemia shows us the many steps that were necessary to achieve our current knowledge and the ability to improve these patients' well-being. Moreover, so far, criteria for diagnosing hypotestosteronemia varies according to the underlying condition, and according to the consensus or guideline adopted. Furthermore, besides the many signs and symptoms, there are several complications associated with low testosterone levels such as osteoporosis, metabolic alterations, as well as cardiovascular disorders.

Body composition and myokines in a cohort of patients with Becker muscular dystrophy.

Introduction/aims: Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is an X-linked disease leading to muscle wasting and weakness. The decrease in lean body mass (LBM) in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, has shown correlation with loss of muscle function and bone density (BD). Myokines (including irisin) are hormones secreted by skeletal muscle that allow crosstalk between muscle and bone.

New and Consolidated Therapeutic Options for Pubertal Induction in Hypogonadism: In-depth Review of the Literature.

Delayed puberty (DP) defines a retardation of onset/progression of sexual maturation beyond the expected age from either a lack/delay of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis activation or a gonadal failure. DP usually gives rise to concern and uncertainty in patients and their families, potentially affecting their immediate psychosocial well-being and also creating longer term psychosexual sequelae. The most frequent form of DP in younger teenagers is self-limiting and may not need any intervention.

Predictors of reproductive and non-reproductive outcomes of gonadotropin mediated pubertal induction in male patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH).

Purpose: To investigate predictors of testicular response and non-reproductive outcomes (height, body proportions) after gonadotropin-induced puberty in congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH).

Design: A retrospective analysis of the puberty induction in CHH male patients, undergoing an off-label administration of combined gonadotropin (FSH and hCG).

Methods: Clinical and hormonal evaluations before and during gonadotropin stimulation in 19 CHH patients genotyped by Targeted Next Generation Sequencing for CHH genes; 16 patients underwent also semen analysis after gonadotropins.

Central hypogonadism in Klinefelter syndrome: report of two cases and review of the literature.

Purpose: Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is characterized by late adolescence/young adulthood onset of primary hypogonadism. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), when congenital, is usually associated with absent/incomplete puberty and low/normal gonadotropins. We report the clinical and genetic features of two subjects with KS and an unexpected HH hormone profile.

Pubertal delay: the challenge of a timely differential diagnosis between congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and constitutional delay of growth and puberty.

Distinguishing between constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) and congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) may be challenging. CDGP and CHH appear to belong to the same clinical spectrum (with low sex hormones and low LH and FSH), although one is classically transient and known as a self-limited form of delayed puberty (CDGP) while the other is permanent (CHH). Thus, the clinical history and the outcomes of these two conditions require different approaches, and an adequate and timely management for the patients is mandatory.

Protective Effect of Denosumab on Bone in Older Women with Primary Hyperparathyroidism.

Objectives: To determine the effect of denosumab, which is used in primary osteoporosis (PO), in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT)-related osteoporosis.

Design: Retrospective, longitudinal study.

Setting: Outpatient osteoporosis clinic.

Denosumab or oral bisphosphonates in primary osteoporosis: a "real-life" study.

Purpose: To compare the response to denosumab (DMAb) therapy with that of oral bisphosphonate (BISPH) treatment in postmenopausal women with primary osteoporosis (PO).

Methods: In this retrospective study, we compared data of 75 PO female patients treated for 24 months with DMab (DMAb Group, age 72.6 ± 8.