Pan-European monitoring of susceptibility to human-use antimicrobial agents in enteric bacteria isolated from healthy food-producing animals.

Objectives: To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter and Enterococcus from cattle, pigs and chickens across the European Union (EU) using uniform methodology.

Methods: Intestinal samples (1624) were taken at slaughter across five EU countries. Bacteria were isolated in national laboratories, whilst MICs were determined in a central laboratory for key antimicrobials used in human medicine.

Chemical bonding in copper-based transparent conducting oxides: CuMO2 (M = In, Ga, Sc).

The geometry and electronic structure of copper-based p-type delafossite transparent conducting oxides, CuMO(2) (M = In, Ga, Sc), are studied using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) corrected for on-site Coulomb interactions (GGA + U). The bonding and valence band compositions of these materials are investigated, and the origins of changes in the valence band features between group 3 and group 13 cations are discussed. Analysis of the effective masses at the valence and conduction band edge explains the experimentally reported conductivity trends.

Understanding conductivity anomalies in Cu(I)-based delafossite transparent conducting oxides: Theoretical insights.

The Cu(I)-based delafossite structure, Cu(I)M(III)O(2), can accommodate a wide range of rare earth and transition metal cations on the M(III) site. Substitutional doping of divalent ions for these trivalent metals is known to produce higher p-type conductivity than that occurring in the undoped materials. However, an explanation of the conductivity anomalies observed in these p-type materials, as the trivalent metal is varied, is still lacking.

A pan-European survey of antimicrobial susceptibility towards human-use antimicrobial drugs among zoonotic and commensal enteric bacteria isolated from healthy food-producing animals.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to study antimicrobial susceptibility in Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter and Enterococcus recovered from chickens, pigs and cattle using uniform methodology.

Methods: Intestinal samples were taken at slaughter in five EU countries per host and bacteria isolated in national laboratories. MICs were determined in a central laboratory of key antimicrobials used in human medicine.

Susceptibility testing of tulathromycin: interpretative breakpoints and susceptibility of field isolates.

In vitro susceptibility tests were conducted on bovine and porcine respiratory pathogens isolated from European countries during 2004-2006 for susceptibility to tulathromycin using the recommended methodologies for broth microdilution. The results were compared with data from a similar survey conducted prior to launch in 1998-2001 to monitor for any shift in susceptibility. The importance of maintaining the pH of the culture media within the range 7.

Effect of danofloxacin (Advocin A180) on goats affected with contagious caprine pleuropneumonia.

The efficacy of danofloxacin (Advocin A180) was evaluated for the treatment of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) caused by Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae. Ten healthy Angora goats, confirmed free of CCPP, were exposed to clinically affected animals from a natural outbreak in Thrace, Turkey.

Danofloxacin (Advocin) reduces the spread of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia to healthy in-contact cattle.

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides SC (MmmSC), is one of the most important diseases of cattle in Sub-Saharan Africa. The live T1/44 vaccine is normally used for its control but produces only transient protection and gives rise to adverse reactions.

Assessing the in vitro effectiveness of antimicrobials against Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small-colony type to reduce contagious bovine pleuropneumonia infection.

In vitro minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for 21 antimicrobials against 41 isolates of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small-colony type, the cause of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. Of the antimicrobials used most widely in Africa, oxytetracycline and tilmicosin were effective, while the isolates were resistant to tylosin.

Evaluation of the therapeutic activity of tulathromycin against swine respiratory disease on farms in Europe.

The clinical efficacy of tulathromycin in the treatment of natural outbreaks of swine respiratory disease (SRD) was evaluated at five European sites. Pigs (1 to 6 months of age) exhibiting clinical signs of SRD were treated intramuscularly with tulathromycin (n = 247) at 2.5 mg/kg on day 0 versus either tiamulin (n = 102) at 15 mg/kg on days 0, 1, and 2 (Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom) or florfenicol (n = 20) at 15 mg/kg on days 0 and 2 (France).

Efficacy of tulathromycin in the treatment and prevention of natural outbreaks of bovine respiratory disease in European cattle.

The efficacy of tulathromycin in the treatment (phase 1) and prevention (phase 2) of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was evaluated on commercial farms in France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. In phase 1, commingled cattle with clinical BRD were treated with tulathromycin (n = 128) or florfenicol (n = 125) on day 0. Similar percentages of animals showed sustained clinical improvement at day 14 (tulathromycin 83.

Minimum inhibitory concentrations of tulathromycin against respiratory bacterial pathogens isolated from clinical cases in European cattle and swine and variability arising from changes in in vitro methodology.

The in vitro activity of tulathromycin was evaluated against common bovine and porcine respiratory pathogens collected from outbreaks of clinical disease across eight European countries from 1998 to 2001. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for one isolate of each bacterial species from each outbreak were determined using a broth microdilution technique. The lowest concentrations inhibiting the growth of 90% of isolates (MIC90) for tulathromycin were 2 microg/ml for Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica, 1 microg/ml for Pasteurella multocida (bovine), and 2 microg/ml for Pasteurella multocida (porcine) and ranged from 0.

Efficacy of tulathromycin in the treatment of bovine respiratory disease associated with induced Mycoplasma bovis infections in young dairy calves.

The efficacy of tulathromycin in the treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) due to Mycoplasma bovis was determined following experimental infection. Two highly pathogenic strains of M. bovis (with minimum inhibitory concentration values for tulathromycin of 1 and >64 microg/ml) were inoculated into 145 calves.

Evidence of penetration of the bovine teat duct by Escherichia coli in the interval between milkings.

In 3 consecutive experiments, each using 20 cows, the application of Escherichia coli to teat ends after milking led to high rates of intramammary infection. These infections were not prevented by disinfection of the teats before milking, by the installation of shields in the short milk tubes of th milking cluster or by the use of an individual quarter milking cluster. Rates of infection were significantly lower when teat contamination was applied 1 h before milking compared to contamination applied immediately after milking.