Disease X: accelerating the development of medical countermeasures for the next pandemic.

WHO has listed several priority diseases with epidemic potential for which there are no, or insufficient, medical countermeasures. In response, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (with support from PricewaterhouseCoopers) coordinated subject matter experts to create a preparedness plan for Disease X. Disease X is caused by Pathogen X, an infectious agent that is not currently known to cause human disease, but an aetiologic agent of a future outbreak with epidemic or pandemic potential.

[Use of mildronate in therapy of seroresistant syphilis (serologic and immunologic comparisons].

Clinico-serological and immunological examinations were applied to 84 patients suffering from seroresistant syphilis with positive serological reactions within 1.5 to 10 years after termination of the treatment by various methods. The initial diagnosis of recently inflicted secondary syphilis was recorded in 8.

[Immunologic foundation of enzyme therapy of patients with orchiepididymitis].

Twenty eight patients aged 18 to 40 years with urogenital infections complicated by orchiepididymitis were examined immunologically. The use of specific monoclonal antibodies OKT-4+ and OKT-8 revealed lower contents of T-helper cells (Thc) (23.33 +/- 9.

[The prevention of pathospermia in patients with orchiepididymitis].

Spermatopathy persisting for a long time after therapy was detected in 48-60 per cent of the patients with gonorrheal orchiepididymitis. Intramuscular chymotrypsin, a proteolytic enzyme, in a dose of 2 mg twice daily (every 12 hrs) for 6-10 days, combined with an antibiotic, essentially (to 14.3-16.

[A comparative evaluation of antibiotic-enzyme therapy and of generally accepted methods for treating gonorrhea patients].

The authors analyze the immunity-correcting effect of antibiotic and enzyme therapy in 32 patients with gonorrheal orchidoepididymitis and 31 with gonorrhea relapses and compare it to the results of routine therapy in 60 patients with chronic and complicated gonorrhea. They come to a conclusion that combined administration of proteolytic enzymes and antibiotics more effectively corrects a number of disordered immunity nonspecific defense parameters (blood serum levels of circulating immune complexes and lysozyme).

[The sociomedical efficacy of the enzyme therapy of gonorrhea patients].

The study has involved 3702 male patients with gonorrhea. Of these 62 percent were fresh cases, 38 percent chronic ones; there were 218 patients (5.9 percent) with recurrences, of these 63.

[Recurrences of gonorrhea in men (the characteristics of the course and treatment)].

The examination has involved 218 patients. The incidence of relapses in acute and subacute gonorrhea has made up 6.3%, 5.

[The assessment of the efficacy of introducing a new method for treating gonorrhea].

Proteolytic enzymes (chymotrypsin, trypsin) i.m. injections in a dose of 5 mg twice daily for 4 to 10 days were used in combined therapy of 218 patients with recurrences of gonorrhea, gonorrheal epididymitis and orchiepididymitis; 23 patients with acute orchiepididymitis were injected heparin intramuscularly in a dose of 5000 U twice daily for 7 weeks.

[Criteria of recovery from gonorrhea].

A total of 563 case histories of gonorrhea patients and 218 ones of patients with gonorrhea recurrences are analyzed. 86.7-87.

[Improvement in treatment of patients with gonorrheal epididymo-orchitis].

Examinations of 46 patients with gonorrheal orchiepididymitis have revealed reduced IgA, IgG and IgM levels, a rise of circulating immune complexes level, and depressed lysozyme activity. Addition of proteolytic enzymes to combined therapy has improved the treatment efficacy and normalized the humoral immunity and nonspecific defense parameters.