Concurrent single-pulse (sp) TMS/fMRI to reveal the causal connectome in healthy and patient populations.

Neuroimaging and cognitive neuroscience studies have identified neural circuits linked to anxiety, mood, and trauma-related symptoms and focused on their interaction with the medial prefrontal default mode circuitry. Despite these advances, developing new neuromodulatory treatments based on neurocircuitry remains challenging. It remains unclear which nodes within and controlling these circuits are affected and how their impairment is connected to psychiatric symptoms.

Electrostatically embedded symmetry-adapted perturbation theory.

Symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) is an ab initio approach that directly computes noncovalent interaction energies in terms of electrostatics, exchange repulsion, induction/polarization, and London dispersion components. Due to its high computational scaling, routine applications of even the lowest order of SAPT are typically limited to a few hundred atoms. To address this limitation, we report here the addition of electrostatic embedding to the SAPT (EE-SAPT) and ISAPT (EE-ISAPT) methods.

A physics-aware neural network for protein-ligand interactions with quantum chemical accuracy.

Quantifying intermolecular interactions with quantum chemistry (QC) is useful for many chemical problems, including understanding the nature of protein-ligand interactions. Unfortunately, QC computations on protein-ligand systems are too computationally expensive for most use cases. The flourishing field of machine-learned (ML) potentials is a promising solution, but it is limited by an inability to easily capture long range, non-local interactions.

Adolescent COVID-19 Cases During the SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron Variant Surges in Kentucky: Association With Vaccination and Prior Infection.

Purpose: Effectiveness of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines is influenced by SARS-CoV-2 variant and history of prior infection. Data regarding protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection among adolescents, accounting for prior infection and time since vaccination, are limited.

Methods: SARS-CoV-2 testing and immunization data from the Kentucky Electronic Disease Surveillance System and the Kentucky Immunization Registry, August-September 2021 (Delta predominance) and January 2022 (Omicron Predominance) among adolescents aged 12-17 years, were used to assess association of SARS-CoV-2 infection with mRNA vaccination and prior SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Prefrontal PV interneurons facilitate attention and are linked to attentional dysfunction in a mouse model of absence epilepsy.

Absence seizures are characterized by brief periods of unconsciousness accompanied by lapses in motor function that can occur hundreds of times throughout the day. Outside of these frequent moments of unconsciousness, approximately a third of people living with the disorder experience treatment-resistant attention impairments. Convergent evidence suggests prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunction may underlie attention impairments in affected patients.

Association of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccination or a Prior Positive Test Result in Adolescents during the Delta Variant Surge in Kentucky.

In a cross-sectional study of 89 736 adolescents in Kentucky, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination provided an estimated protection against infection of 81% when the highly transmissible Delta variant was predominant. Vaccination provided added benefit to those with a history of prior infection. These findings support the recommendation that all adolescents receive SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.

Dietary Transitions and Health Outcomes in Four Populations - Systematic Review.

Importance: Non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and cancer were rare among non-western populations with traditional diets and lifestyles. As populations transitioned toward industrialized diets and lifestyles, NCDs developed.

Objective: We performed a systematic literature review to examine the effects of diet and lifestyle transitions on NCDs.

Protective Immunity after Natural Infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) - Kentucky, USA, 2020.

Background: As vaccine supply and access remain limited in many parts of the world, understanding the duration of protection from reinfection after natural infection is important.

Methods: Distinct individuals testing positive and negative for SARS-CoV-2 between March 6, 2020, and August 31, 2020, in Kentucky, USA, were identified using the Kentucky National Electronic Disease Surveillance System. Individuals were followed for occurrence of a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 from 91 days after their initial test result through December 31, 2020.

Reduced Risk of Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 After COVID-19 Vaccination - Kentucky, May-June 2021.

Although laboratory evidence suggests that antibody responses following COVID-19 vaccination provide better neutralization of some circulating variants than does natural infection (1,2), few real-world epidemiologic studies exist to support the benefit of vaccination for previously infected persons. This report details the findings of a case-control evaluation of the association between vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in Kentucky during May-June 2021 among persons previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 in 2020. Kentucky residents who were not vaccinated had 2.

Association between body mass index and mortality in hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia.

The obesity paradox postulates that increased body mass index (BMI) is protective in certain patient populations. We aimed to investigate the association of BMI and different weight classes with outcomes in hospitalised patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). This cohort study is a secondary data analysis of the University of Louisville Pneumonia Study database, a prospective study of hospitalised adult patients with CAP from June, 2014, to May, 2016, in Louisville, KY, USA.

Patients with Obesity Have Better Long-Term Outcomes after Hospitalization for COPD Exacerbation.

Obesity has been shown to have a paradoxical benefit in a number of conditions, but the long-term effects in obesity after chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation is still unclear. In this study, the effects of obesity on short- and long-term outcomes after a COPD exacerbation were evaluated. This was a secondary analysis of the Rapid Empiric Treatment with Oseltamivir Study (RETOS): a prospective, randomized, unblinded clinical trial.

Comparison of Two Tourniquets on a Mid-Thigh Model: The Israeli Silicone Stretch and Wrap Tourniquet vs. The Combat Application Tourniquet.

Introduction: Experience from recent conflicts underlines the dramatic impact of effective tourniquet use on combat casualty mortality. Although the Combat Application Tourniquet (CAT) is replacing the silicone band tourniquets (IST; "Israeli Silicone Tourniquet") in the Israeli Defense Forces, no direct comparison was made between them. The purpose of this study is to compare the performance of the two tourniquets on a mid-thigh model.

Rapid assembly of multilayer microfluidic structures via 3D-printed transfer molding and bonding.

A critical feature of state-of-the-art microfluidic technologies is the ability to fabricate multilayer structures without relying on the expensive equipment and facilities required by soft lithography-defined processes. Here, three-dimensional (3D) printed polymer molds are used to construct multilayer poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) devices by employing unique molding, bonding, alignment, and rapid assembly processes. Specifically, a novel single-layer, two-sided molding method is developed to realize two channel levels, non-planar membranes/valves, vertical interconnects (vias) between channel levels, and integrated inlet/outlet ports for fast linkages to external fluidic systems.

3D printed microfluidic circuitry via multijet-based additive manufacturing.

The miniaturization of integrated fluidic processors affords extensive benefits for chemical and biological fields, yet traditional, monolithic methods of microfabrication present numerous obstacles for the scaling of fluidic operators. Recently, researchers have investigated the use of additive manufacturing or "three-dimensional (3D) printing" technologies - predominantly stereolithography - as a promising alternative for the construction of submillimeter-scale fluidic components. One challenge, however, is that current stereolithography methods lack the ability to simultaneously print sacrificial support materials, which limits the geometric versatility of such approaches.

Recommendations for involving the family in developmental care of the NICU baby.

Family involvement is a key to realize the potential for long-lasting positive effects on physical, cognitive and psychosocial development of all babies, including those in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Family-centered developmental care (FCDC) recognizes the family as vital members of the NICU health-care team. As such, families are integrated into decision-making processes and are collaborators in their baby's care.

High-versus low-threshold surfactant retreatment for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.

Unlabelled: Surfactant therapy has become an effective standard therapy for infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The first dose may be given either as prophylaxis immediately after delivery, or as rescue after an infant has developed RDS. Second and subsequent doses are currently recommended by the manufacturers to be administered at minimal levels of respiratory support.

Role of postnatal penicillin prophylaxis in prevention of neonatal group B streptococcus infection.

This prospective study was designed to identify the role of postnatal penicillin prophylaxis in the prevention of neonatal group B streptococcus (GBS) infection. We studied 10 998 infants. Of these, 5389 were in the penicillin prophylaxis group (PP) and 5609 infants did not receive penicillin prophylaxis (NPP).

Measles, mumps, and rubella serology in premature infants weighing less than 1,000 grams.

Background: This study was done to determine antibodies to measles, mumps, and rubella within the first 2 weeks of life and 3 months of age in premature infants.

Methods: All premature infants (< 32 weeks' gestation) weighing less than 1,000 g and admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit were eligible for inclusion in the study. Measles, mumps, and rubella titers were obtained from the mother and from the infant during the first 2 weeks of life and at 3 months of age.

Normal and atypical butyrylcholinesterases in placental development, function, and malfunction.

1. In utero exposure to poisons and drugs (e.g.

Muscle rigidity due to fentanyl infusion in the pediatric patient.

Two cases of fentanyl-induced muscle rigidity are presented. Significant features of these cases include the unusual pattern of rigidity and the use of fentanyl doses lower than those usually associated with muscle rigidity.

Postnatal penicillin prophylaxis and the incidence of group B streptococcal sepsis in neonates.

We conducted a retrospective chart review of infants, born over a 3-year period, who had positive urine latex agglutination and/or positive blood culture for group B streptococci (GBS). Infants routinely received intramuscular aqueous penicillin for the first half of the study period, and no penicillin was given for the subsequent 18 months. Overall, infants who received penicillin prophylaxis had a decreased incidence of clinical sepsis and positive blood culture for GBS (4.

Neonatal fungemia and amphotericin B.

Disseminated candidemia is a common nosocomial infection in the neonatal intensive care unit, though only a few studies have reported the outcome of amphotericin B therapy in neonatal candidiasis. Our treatment regimen consisted of an initial daily amphotericin B dose of 0.5 mg/kg.

Torulopsis glabrata in the neonate: an emerging fungal pathogen.

Fungi are becoming increasingly common nosocomial pathogens in the neonatal intensive care patient. The fungus Torulopsis glabrata, a common skin inhabitant, is a potential pathogen in the high-risk neonate. In this report we have reviewed the cases of two infants in which systemic T glabrata infection was diagnosed.