Reactive microglia fail to respond to environmental damage signals in a viral-induced mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy.

Microglia are highly adaptable innate immune cells that rapidly respond to damage signals in the brain through adoption of a reactive phenotype and production of defensive inflammatory cytokines. Microglia express a distinct transcriptome, encoding receptors that allow them to dynamically respond to pathogens, damage signals, and cellular debris. Expression of one such receptor, the microglia-specific purinergic receptor , is known to be downregulated in reactive microglia.

Inflammation Unleashed in Viral-Induced Epileptogenesis.

Viral infection of the central nervous system increasingly places people at risk of developing life-threatening and treatment-resistant acute and chronic seizures (epilepsy). The emergence of new human viruses due to ongoing social, political, and ecological changes places people at risk more than ever before. The development of new preventative or curative strategies is critical to address this burden.

Reactivity and increased proliferation of NG2 cells following central nervous system infection with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus.

Background: Neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2) cells are a glial cell type tiled throughout the gray and white matter of the central nervous system (CNS). NG2 cells are known for their ability to differentiate into oligodendrocytes and are commonly referred to as oligodendrocyte precursor cells. However, recent investigations have begun to identify additional functions of NG2 cells in CNS health and pathology.

Cannabidiol reduces seizures following CNS infection with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus.

Objective: C57BL/6J mice infected with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) develop acute behavioral seizures in the first week of infection and later develop chronic epilepsy. The TMEV model provides a useful platform to test novel antiseizure therapeutics. The present study was designed to test the efficacy of cannabidiol (CBD) in reducing acute seizures induced by viral infection.

Hippocampal TNFα Signaling Contributes to Seizure Generation in an Infection-Induced Mouse Model of Limbic Epilepsy.

Central nervous system infection can induce epilepsy that is often refractory to established antiseizure drugs. Previous studies in the Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced mouse model of limbic epilepsy have demonstrated the importance of inflammation, especially that mediated by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), in the development of acute seizures. TNFα modulates glutamate receptor trafficking via TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) to cause increased excitatory synaptic transmission.

Decellularization of human dermis using non-denaturing anionic detergent and endonuclease: a review.

Decellularized human dermis has been used for a number of clinical applications including wound healing, soft tissue reconstruction, and sports medicine procedures. A variety of methods exist to prepare this useful class of biomaterial. Here, we describe a decellularization technology (MatrACELL(®)) utilizing a non-denaturing anionic detergent, N-Lauroyl sarcosinate, and endonuclease, which was developed to remove potentially immunogenic material while retaining biomechanical properties.