Gender differences in promotions and scholarly productivity in academic urology.

Introduction: The gender demographics within urology are changing as more women are entering the workforce. Since research productivity strongly influence career advancement, we aim to characterize gender differences in scholarly productivity and promotions in a cohort of graduated academic urologists.

Materials And Methods: Urologists who graduated between 2002 and 2008 from 34 residency programs affiliated with the top 50 urology hospitals as ranked in 2009 by U.

The incidence of erectile dysfunction after pelvic fracture urethral injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Pelvic fracture urethral injury (PFUI) is associated with a high risk of erectile dysfunction (ED). The effect of the type of posterior urethral disruption repair on erectile function has not been clearly established. We systematically reviewed and conducted a meta-analysis of the proportion of patients with ED at (i) baseline after pelvic fracture with PFUI, (ii) after immediate primary realignment, and (iii) after delayed urethroplasty.

Targeted p21WAF1/CIP1 activation by RNAa inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

RNA activation (RNAa) is a mechanism of gene activation triggered by promoter-targeted small double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), also known as small activating RNA (saRNA). p21(WAF1/CIP1) (p21) is a putative tumor suppressor gene due to its role as a key negative regulator of the cell cycle and cell proliferation. It is frequently downregulated in cancer including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but is rarely mutated or deleted, making it an ideal target for RNAa-based overexpression to restore its tumor suppressor function.

Gender differences in academic productivity and academic career choice among urology residents.

Purpose: Gender disparities have long existed in medicine but they have not been well examined in urology. We analyzed a large cohort of graduating urology residents to investigate gender disparities in academic productivity, as measured by peer reviewed publications and academic career choice.

Materials And Methods: We assembled a list of urology residents who graduated from 2002 through 2008 who were affiliated with the top 50 urology hospitals, as ranked by 2009 U.

An orthotopic bladder tumor model and the evaluation of intravesical saRNA treatment.

We present a novel method for treating bladder cancer with intravesically delivered small activating RNA (saRNA) in an orthotopic xenograft mouse bladder tumor model. The mouse model is established by urethral catheterization under inhaled general anesthetic. Chemical burn is then introduced to the bladder mucosa using intravesical silver nitrate solution to disrupt the bladder glycosaminoglycan layer and allows cells to attach.

Intravesical delivery of small activating RNA formulated into lipid nanoparticles inhibits orthotopic bladder tumor growth.

Practical methods for enhancing protein production in vivo remain a challenge. RNA activation (RNAa) is emerging as one potential solution by using double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to increase endogenous gene expression. This approach, although related to RNA interference (RNAi), facilitates a response opposite to gene silencing.

Evolving practice patterns for the management of small renal masses in the USA.

Unlabelled: What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Treatment options for small renal masses include radical nephrectomy (RN), partial nephrectomy (PN), ablation, and surveillance. PN provides equivalent oncological as RN for small tumours, but long-term outcomes for ablation and surveillance are poorly defined. Due to changing techniques and technology, treatment patterns for small renal masses are rapidly developing.

Oncological and functional outcomes of radical cystectomy and orthotopic bladder replacement in women.

Objective: To report oncological and functional results in women undergoing radical cystectomy and orthotopic bladder replacement.

Materials And Methods: The charts of all women undergoing bladder replacement after radical cystectomy at UCSF through April 2008 were reviewed. Pathologic characteristics, survival (overall and disease-specific), and urinary functional outcomes are reported.

Urology resident publication output and its relationship to future academic achievement.

Purpose: Scholarly research is considered by many to be an important component of residency training but little is known about the quantity and types of publications produced by urology residents. To our knowledge whether publication efforts during residency predict future academic publication performance is also unknown. We evaluated resident productivity, as measured by peer reviewed publication output, and determined its relation to future publication output as junior faculty.

Squamous cell carcinoma at the site of a Prince Albert's piercing.

Introduction: Medical practitioners should be aware of genital piercing and its potential complications. General piercings are associate with complications common to all piercings as well as some unique to urethral piercings. Specifically, the association between carcinoma and genital piercing is not well recognized.

Condyloma overgrowth caused by immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.

A 46-year-old man with human immunodeficiency virus presented with a condyloma that formed during 6 months and encased his penis, scrotum, and perineum. Visible condyloma growth began when this immunocompromised patient started highly active antiretroviral therapy, and it grew rapidly as his viral load plummeted. The patient underwent resection and reconstruction with skin grafting.

The kinetics of the return of motile sperm to the ejaculate after vasectomy reversal.

Purpose: In prior analyses we observed that the achievable patency rate after vasectomy reversal is a key factor in whether reversal surgery is more cost-effective than in vitro fertilization-intracytoplasmic sperm injection for fertility after vasectomy. Because pregnancies will occur sooner with an earlier time to patency, this clinical parameter becomes important with advanced maternal age. We hypothesize that there are predictors of time to patency after reversal that are valuable for patient counseling and intraoperative decision making in cases of advanced maternal age.

Assessment of teacher interruptions on learners during oral case presentations.

Background: Studies have only recently begun to investigate the effects of interruptions on physicians in the emergency department (ED).

Objectives: To determine the frequency and nature of interruptions by the training physician that occur when medical trainees do oral case presentations (OCPs) in the ED.

Methods: This was an observational study.