Unlocking the reactivity of the C-In bond: alkyl indium reagents as a source of radicals under photocatalytic conditions.

Generation of organic radicals from organometallic compounds is a key step in metallaphotoredox cross-coupling reactions. The ability of organoindium compounds to serve as sources of alkyl radicals under light promoted oxidative conditions is described. Organoindium reagents were used in dual photocatalytic/nickel cross-coupling with aryl bromides.

Microfluidic Chip for Studying the Mechanisms of Allogeneic Progenitor Neuronal Cells Integration into a Mature Neural Network In Vitro.

The formation of functional connections between cells derived from neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) and the developed neuronal network is a crucial task in neurobiology and cellular technologies for medical applications. We developed a technique to co-culture NPCs and mature neuronal cells in a three-chamber microfluidic chip in vitro and studied the features of functional connections among cells derived from NPCs during their integration into a network of differentiated neurons. Starting from day 20 of primary culture development, a network forms from integrated NPCs, which ensures the distribution of bioelectrical activity among neurons in a manner similar to that of differentiated cells.

A biomechanical model for concomitant functioning of neck and shoulder: a pilot study.

A combination of pain syndromes in the neck and shoulder joints creates a significant burden on the healthcare system and has important social and economic significance. Treatment of these pathologies is often inefficient and can reduce the quality of life for patients. Studying of the relationship between pathological changes in the cervical spine and diseases of the shoulder area is crucial for developing more efficient treatment methods.

Photoredox Promoted Barbier-Type Reaction of Alkyl Iodides with -Alkyl and -Aryl Imines.

The reaction of organozinc reagents with unactivated imines is accelerated when performed in the presence of a photocatalyst under blue light irradiation. Coordination between Lewis acidic zinc iodide and the imine is a key factor responsible for the reaction efficiency. The method can be carried out using alkyl iodides under Barbier conditions.

Photoredox Activation of Organozinc Reagents: Barbier-Type Reaction of Alkyl Halides with α-(Trifluoromethyl)styrenes.

Organozinc reagents may be activated under blue light irradiation using an organic photocatalyst to generate alkyl radicals. The radicals are trapped by α-(trifluoromethyl)styrenes leading to -difluorinated products after elimination of fluoride. The reaction can be conveniently performed under Barbier conditions starting from organic iodides and bromides and elemental zinc.

Experimental Platform to Study Spiking Pattern Propagation in Modular Networks In Vitro.

The structured organization of connectivity in neural networks is associated with highly efficient information propagation and processing in the brain, in contrast with disordered homogeneous network architectures. Using microfluidic methods, we engineered modular networks of cultures using dissociated cells with unidirectional synaptic connections formed by asymmetric microchannels. The complexity of the microchannel geometry defined the strength of the synaptic connectivity and the properties of spiking activity propagation.

Functional Scaffolding for Brain Implants: Engineered Neuronal Network by Microfabrication and iPSC Technology.

Neuroengineering methods can be effectively used in the design of new approaches to treat central nervous system and brain injury caused by neurotrauma, ischemia, or neurodegenerative disorders. During the last decade, significant results were achieved in the field of implant (scaffold) development using various biocompatible and biodegradable materials carrying neuronal cells for implantation into the injury site of the brain to repair its function. Neurons derived from animal or human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are expected to be an ideal cell source, and induction methods for specific cell types have been actively studied to improve efficacy and specificity.

Closed-Loop Systems and In Vitro Neuronal Cultures: Overview and Applications.

One of the main limitations preventing the realization of a successful dialogue between the brain and a putative enabling device is the intricacy of brain signals. In this perspective, closed-loop in vitro systems can be used to investigate the interactions between a network of neurons and an external system, such as an interacting environment or an artificial device. In this chapter, we provide an overview of closed-loop in vitro systems, which have been developed for investigating potential neuroprosthetic applications.

Theta rhythm-like bidirectional cycling dynamics of living neuronal networks in vitro.

The phenomena of synchronization, rhythmogenesis and coherence observed in brain networks are believed to be a dynamic substrate for cognitive functions such as learning and memory. However, researchers are still debating whether the rhythmic activity emerges from the network morphology that developed during neurogenesis or as a result of neuronal dynamics achieved under certain conditions. In the present study, we observed self-organized spiking activity that converged to long, complex and rhythmically repeated superbursts in neural networks formed by mature hippocampal cultures with a high cellular density.

Design of Cultured Neuron Networks in vitro with Predefined Connectivity Using Asymmetric Microfluidic Channels.

The architecture of neuron connectivity in brain networks is one of the basic mechanisms by which to organize and sustain a particular function of the brain circuitry. There are areas of the brain composed of well-organized layers of neurons connected by unidirectional synaptic connections (e.g.

Selectivity of stimulus induced responses in cultured hippocampal networks on microelectrode arrays.

Sensory information can be encoded using the average firing rate and spike occurrence times in neuronal network responses to external stimuli. Decoding or retrieving stimulus characteristics from the response pattern generally implies that the corresponding neural network has a selective response to various input signals. The role of various spiking activity characteristics (e.

Adaptive enhancement of learning protocol in hippocampal cultured networks grown on multielectrode arrays.

Learning in neuronal networks can be investigated using dissociated cultures on multielectrode arrays supplied with appropriate closed-loop stimulation. It was shown in previous studies that weakly respondent neurons on the electrodes can be trained to increase their evoked spiking rate within a predefined time window after the stimulus. Such neurons can be associated with weak synaptic connections in nearby culture network.

[Characteristics of spinal stress in modeling scoliotic deformity and the methods of its correction].

Having studied the dynamics of stresses in models of scoliotic models of different types of surgical correction the authors have determined the optimal methods of treatment depending on the kind of deformation.

[Evaluation of the quality of life of cardiovascular disease patients].

A questionnaire was prepared for the evaluation of the quality of life directed at assessment of the patient's attitude to changes that had taken place in his life due to his illness. Results of observations of 124 patients (94 with myocardial infarction and 30 with arterial hypertension) show the validity of the questionnaire and its discriminant possibility. Difference in the indices of quality of life has been established between the infarction and the hypertensive patients.