Prenatal Nutritional Factors and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Narrative Review.

According to the DSM-5, neurodevelopmental disorders represent a group of heterogeneous conditions, with onset during the developmental period, characterized by an alteration of communication and social skills, learning, adaptive behavior, executive functions, and psychomotor skills. These deficits determine an impairment of personal, social, scholastic, or occupational functioning. Neurodevelopmental disorders are characterized by an increased incidence and a multifactorial etiology, including genetic and environmental components.

Exploring Headaches in Pediatric Behçet Disease: Prevalence, Clinical Impact, and Management.

Behçet's Disease (BD), also recognized as Behçet Syndrome, manifests uniquely in pediatric populations as Pediatric Behçet's Disease (PBD), characterized by multisystemic inflammatory symptoms including recurrent oral and genital aphthae, and diverse ocular, vascular, and neurological involvements. This review elucidates the prevalence, burden, and management strategies of headaches in children with PBD, focusing on both primary headaches, such as migraine and tension-type headaches, and secondary headaches linked to systemic disease manifestations. It explores the pathophysiological underpinnings specific to PBD-related headaches and discusses the intricate relationship between systemic inflammatory processes and neurological symptoms.

Orofacial Migraine and Other Idiopathic Non-Dental Facial Pain Syndromes: A Clinical Survey of a Social Orofacial Patient Group.

: Orofacial pain syndromes (OFPs) are a heterogeneous group of syndromes mainly characterized by painful attacks localized in facial and oral structures. According to the International Classification of Orofacial Pain (ICOP), the last three groups (non-dental facial pain, NDFP) are cranial neuralgias, facial pain syndromes resembling primary headache syndromes, and idiopathic orofacial pain. These are often clinical challenges because the symptoms may be similar or common among different disorders.

Familial hemiplegic migraine in pediatric patients: A genetic, clinical, and follow-up study.

Objective: The aim of this study was to describe a cohort of pediatric patients with genetically confirmed familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM). The knowledge of genotype-phenotype correlations may suggest prognostic factors associated with severe phenotypes.

Background: Hemiplegic migraine is a rare disease and data concerning the pediatric population are even more rare as they are often extrapolated from mixed cohorts.

Idiopathic Non-Dental Facial Pain Syndromes in Italian Children: A Clinical Case Series.

The orofacial pain syndromes (OFPs) are a heterogeneous group of syndromes characterized by painful attacks involving the orofacial structures. They may be summarily subdivided into two great categories: (1) orofacial pain mainly attributed to dental disorders such as dentoalveolar and myofascial orofacial pain or temporomandibular joint (TM) pain; (2) orofacial pain mainly attributed to non-dental pain as neuralgias, facial localization of primary headaches or idiopathic orofacial pain. The second group is uncommon, often described by single case reports, can often show overlapping symptoms with the first group, and represents a clinical challenge, carrying the risk of undervaluation and possibly invasive odontoiatric treatment.

Evolution of Pediatric Migraine Patients Admitted at an Emergency Department after a 10-Year Follow-Up.

Background: Despite its high prevalence, the clinical course of pediatric migraine has not been fully understood, and previous studies present conflicting results. We present here the findings of a 10-year follow-up study involving children with severe migraine pain admitted to our emergency department. Furthermore, all studies were carried out on selected outpatient clinical case studies.

Utility of Combining High-Sensitive Cardiac Troponin I and PESI Score for Risk Management in Patients with Pulmonary Embolism in the Emergency Department.

Background And Objectives: Pulmonary embolism (PE) has a major burden of morbidity and mortality, consequently the need for a prompt risk stratification for these subjects is crucial. In order to evaluate the risk management and final disposition of patients with PE in the Emergency Department (ED), we conducted a study that was divided in two phases: Phase I retrospective study (RS), Phase II prospective study (PS).

Materials And Methods: In Phase I, 291 patients were enrolled while in Phase II, 83 subjects were evaluated.

Psychopathological Impact in Patients with History of Rheumatic Fever with or without Sydenham's Chorea: A Multicenter Prospective Study.

Sydenham's chorea (SC) is a post-streptococcal autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system, and it is a major criterium for the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever (ARF). SC typically improves in 12-15 weeks, but patients can be affected for years by persistence and recurrencies of both neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms. We enrolled 48 patients with a previous diagnosis of ARF, with or without SC, in a national multicenter prospective study, to evaluate the presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms several years after SC's onset.

ADEM post-Sars-CoV-2 infection in a pediatric patient with Fisher-Evans syndrome.

Introduction: Sars-CoV-2 is a single-strained RNA virus belonging to Coronaviridae's family. In pediatric age, the majority of patients is asymptomatic; however, several neurological manifestations associated with Sars-CoV-2 infection have been detected in a percentage of cases ranging from 17.3 to 36.

Synchronous intrathyroidal parathyroid carcinoma and thyroid carcinoma: case report and review of the literature.

Background: Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare endocrine malignancy, rarer when synchronous with a non medullary well differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Parathyroid carcinoma accounts of 0.005% of all malignant tumors and it is responsible for less than 1% of primary hyperparathyroidism.

Occult breast cancer in a female with benign lesions.

Occult breast cancer is a carcinoma discovered by the presence of axillary lymph node metastases without the detection of the primary breast tumor. The incidence of this very rare pathology is 0.3%-1.

Non-invasive Brain Stimulation in Pediatric Migraine: A Perspective From Evidence in Adult Migraine.

Pediatric migraine remains still a challenge for the headache specialists as concerns both diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. The less ability of children to describe the exact features of their migraines and the lack of reliable biomarker for migraine contribute to complicate the diagnostic process. Therefore, there's need for new effective tools for supporting diagnostic and therapeutic approach in children with migraine.

Atypical presentation of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: two case reports.

Background: Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by severe neurological and psychiatric symptoms and a difficult diagnosis. The disease is often secondary to a neoplastic lesion, seldom diagnosed years later. Psychiatric symptoms are prevalent in adults; neurologic symptoms are more evident in children, who typically present primarily with neurological symptoms.

Cerebral Stroke in a Teenage Girl with Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria.

We report a case of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) in a 14 year-old girl presenting a cerebral arterial thrombosis. The initial diagnosis was carential anemia due to menarche following identification of slight macrocytic anemia, leucopenia and mild thrombocytopenia at routine blood analysis. The child was eventually referred to a children's hospital after the onset of progressive fatigue, anorexia and paleness.

Malignant transformation in non-recurrent peritoneal cystic mesothelioma Our experience and review of the literature.

Aim: Cystic peritoneal mesothelioma is commonly regarded as a benign neoplasm at its first manifestation. It can only seldom show malignant transformation, and only after repeated postoperative recurrences.

Material Of Study: We hereby represent a unique case of peritoneal cystic mesothelioma, malignant since its first presentation.

The experience of a referral centre and literature overview of GIST and carcinoid tumours in inflammatory bowel diseases.

Patients suffering from Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) are at increased risk of developing cancers of the gastrointestinal tract (GI). Adenocarcinomas are the most commonly observed GI tumours in IBD, and occur through an in inflammation-driven pathway. A trend toward reduced risk of bowel cancers has been observed in IBD in recent years, presumably related to improved medical treatments.

Prevalence, diagnosis and management of ectopic thyroid glands.

Ectopic thyroid tissue (ETT) is an uncommon entity that may be found anywhere along the line of the obliterated thyroglossal duct, usually from the tongue to the diaphragm. We performed a retrospective analysis of patients undergoing surgical treatment for thyroid disease between January 2000 and December 2013, seeking for ETT All patients with prior neck surgery or trauma were excluded. The clinic-pathologic features, prevalence and diagnosis of the lesions were collected and analyzed.

Paediatric anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: The first Italian multicenter case series.

Background: Given the rarity of this condition, especially in children, there is a paucity of large reported paediatric case series of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis.

Methods: To contribute to define the features of this condition, we describe retrospectively a new nationwide case series of 20 children (50% females), referred by 13 Italian centres.

Results: Mean age at onset was 8 years (range 3-17).

Juvenile migraine and allodynia: results of a retrospective study.

Background: There are only 2 small sample studies investigating allodynia in the pediatric population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of allodynia during cephalalgic attacks in a juvenile population with primary headaches and its association with other symptoms of migraine.

Methods: We reviewed all medical records of patients with primary headache consecutively seen during a 2-year period.

Migraine in a pediatric population: a clinical study in children younger than 7 years of age.

Aim: Migraines in children younger than 7 years of age have received limited attention in the published literature. The aim of this study is to describe the characteristics of migraine phenotypes in children younger than 7 years, and to compare them with migraines in children older than 7 years of age.

Method: We reviewed all standard clinical files, collected over 4 years, related to children with a diagnosis of primary headache.

Cancer of the thyroid gland in geriatric age: a single center retrospective study with a 10-year post-operative follow-up.

Introduction: We evaluated the characteristics of thyroid carcinoma in geriatric patients and outcomes after a 10-years follow-up.

Methods: Comparative retrospective study on a group of 31 geriatric patients and one of 224 non-geriatric, who underwent surgery for thyroid carcinoma in the period 1998-2003. We compared with Fisher's exact test: histology, multifocality, tumor size, lymph-node metastasis, distant metastasis, persistence/recurrence and mortality, including and excluding anaplastic carcinomas, in a subgroup of 26 geriatric patients and another of 223 non-geriatric patients.

Double probe intraoperative neuromonitoring with a standardized method in thyroid surgery.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and the vagus nerve (VN) with a standardized approach in thyroid surgery.

Methods: Retrospective study with an experimental group with which IONM was used, both with the RLN that the VN, and a control one, each consisting of 300 total thyroidectomies. Each patient underwent a pre-and post-operative videolaryngoscopy.

MPL W515L mutation in pediatric essential thrombocythemia.

Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is extremely rare in the pediatric population. In most patients no molecular abnormality can be found, with about 40% of pediatric patients harboring a JAK2 V617F mutation. Another recurrent mutation, involving a W to L or K transversion at MPL codon 515, has been reported in about 3-8% of adult ET patients.

Backmapping coarse-grained polymer models under sheared nonequilibrium conditions.

The method of re-introducing atomistic detail into a coarse-grained polymer structure, so-called backmapping, is extended to a nonequilibrium situation. Problems in backmapping coarse-grained polymer models, on which a nonequilibrium shear flow has been imposed, are discussed. A backmapping protocol, where the globally deformed conformations are maintained during backmapping by applying position restraints, is proposed.