QuEChERS Extraction and Simultaneous Quantification in GC-MS/MS of Hexahydrocannabinol Epimers and Their Metabolites in Whole Blood, Urine, and Oral Fluid.

Recently, hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) was posed under strict control in Europe due to the increasing HHC-containing material seizures. The lack of analytical methods in clinical laboratories to detect HHC and its metabolites in biological matrices may result in related intoxication underreporting. We developed and validated a comprehensive GC-MS/MS method to quantify 9(R)-HHC, 9(S)-HHC, 9αOH-HHC, 9βOH-HHC, 8(R)OH-9(R)-HHC, 8(S)OH-9(S)HHC, 11OH-9(R)HHC, 11OH-9(S)HHC, 11nor-carboxy-9(R)-HHC, and 11nor-carboxy-9(S)-HHC in whole blood, urine, and oral fluid.

In Vitro and In Vivo Human Metabolism of Ostarine, a Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator and Doping Agent.

Ostarine (enobasarm) is a selective androgen receptor modulator with great therapeutic potential. However, it is also used by athletes to promote muscle growth and enhance performances without the typical adverse effects of anabolic steroids. Ostarine popularity increased in recent years, and it is currently the most abused "other anabolic agent" (subclass S1.

Disposition of Hexahydrocannabinol Epimers and Their Metabolites in Biological Matrices following a Single Administration of Smoked Hexahydrocannabinol: A Preliminary Study.

In 2023, hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) attracted the attention of international agencies due to its rapid spread in the illegal market. Although it was discovered in 1940, less is known about the pharmacology of its two naturally occurring epimers, 9(R)-HHC and 9(S)-HHC. Thus, we aimed to investigate the disposition of hexahydrocannabinol epimers and their metabolites in whole blood, urine and oral fluid following a single controlled administration of a 50:50 mixture of 9(R)-HHC and 9(S)-HHC smoked with tobacco.

Diagnostic Methods in Forensic Pathology: Autoptic Findings and Immunohistochemical Study in Cases of Sudden Death Due to a Colloid Cyst of the Third Ventricle.

The colloid cyst is a non-malignant tumor growth made of a gelatinous material covered by a membrane of epithelial tissue. It is usually located posterior to the foramen of Monro, in the anterior aspect of the third ventricle of the brain. Due to its location, it can cause obstructive hydrocephalus, increased intracranial pressure, and sudden cardiac death, catecholamine-mediated, through hypothalamus compression.

The first LC-MS/MS stereoselective bioanalytical methods to quantitatively detect 9R- and 9S-hexahydrocannabinols and their metabolites in human blood, oral fluid and urine.

A sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of the (9 R)- and (9 S)- hexahydrocannabinols (HHCs), and their metabolites, in human urine, oral fluid (OF) and blood samples were developed, validated and used to the biological samples of volunteers. The analytes were extracted from 100 μL human samples. An isocratic elution mode with methanol was used for chromatographic separation of (9 R)- and (9 S)-HHC on an immobilized amylose tris(3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate)-based chiral column Lux i-Amylose-3.

Synthetic Cathinones and Neurotoxicity Risks: A Systematic Review.

According to the EU Early Warning System (EWS), synthetic cathinones (SCs) are the second largest new psychoactive substances (NPS) class, with 162 synthetic cathinones monitored by the EU EWS. They have a similar structure to cathinone, principally found in Catha Edulis; they have a phenethylamine related structure but also exhibit amphetamine-like stimulant effects. Illegal laboratories regularly develop new substances and place them on the market.

Quantification of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors and Metabolites in Urine and Hair of Patients and Their Relatives.

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) are prescription drugs also used in doping to dilute urine samples and tamper with urinalyses. Dorzolamide, brinzolamide, and acetazolamide are prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Detecting CAIs and their metabolites in biological samples is crucial to documenting misuse in doping.