A highly efficient Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se) photocathode without a hetero-materials overlayer for solar-hydrogen production.

Surface modification of a Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se) (CIGSSe) absorber layer is commonly required to obtain high performance CIGSSe photocathodes. However, surface modifications can cause disadvantages such as optical loss, low stability, the use of toxic substances and an increase in complexity. In this work, we demonstrate that a double-graded bandgap structure (top-high, middle-low and bottom-high bandgaps) can achieve high performance in bare CIGSSe photocathodes without any surface modifications via a hetero-materials overlayer that have been fabricated in a cost-effective solution process.

Optimal dose of combined rocuronium and cisatracurium during minor surgery: A randomized trial.

Background: Combined rocuronium and cisatracurium have synergistic effects. We investigated whether reduced doses are effective during coadministration, by monitoring neuromuscular relaxation during surgery.

Methods: This randomized, controlled clinical trial was registered at http://clinicaltrials.