Increased frequency of T cells expressing IL-10 in Alzheimer disease but not in late-onset depression patients.

Higher risk of dementia is expected for patients with late onset depression (LOD) history. The IL-10 polymorphisms are associated with Alzheimer disease (AD). On the other hand, there is no study associating IL-10 polymorphisms to LOD.

Reduced frequency of T lymphocytes expressing CTLA-4 in frontotemporal dementia compared to Alzheimer's disease.

Studies suggest that inflammation is involved in the neurodegenerative cascade of dementias. Immunological mechanisms may be part of the pathophysiological process in frontotemporal dementia (FTD), but up till now only vague evidence of such mechanisms has been presented. The B7- CD28/CTLA-4 pathway is an important immunological signaling pathway involved in modulation of T cell activation.

Increased frequency of cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14+) monocytes expressing interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) in Alzheimer's disease patients and intermediate levels in late-onset depression patients.

Objective: Depression might be a prodromal stage of dementia. Many factors contribute to the etiology of depression and dementia, being inflammation one of those. The present work measured and analyzed immune molecules involved in the innate immunity on cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14+) monocytes trying to investigate any relationship among late-onset depression (LOD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD).