Identifying biologically implausible values in big longitudinal data: an example applied to child growth data from the Brazilian food and nutrition surveillance system.

Background: Several strategies for identifying biologically implausible values in longitudinal anthropometric data have recently been proposed, but the suitability of these strategies for large population datasets needs to be better understood. This study evaluated the impact of removing population outliers and the additional value of identifying and removing longitudinal outliers on the trajectories of length/height and weight and on the prevalence of child growth indicators in a large longitudinal dataset of child growth data.

Methods: Length/height and weight measurements of children aged 0 to 59 months from the Brazilian Food and Nutrition Surveillance System were analyzed.

Quality of child anthropometric data from SISVAN, Brazil, 2008-2017.

Objective: To evaluate the quality of anthropometric data of children recorded in the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN) from 2008 to 2017.

Method: Descriptive study on the quality of anthropometric data of children under five years of age admitted in primary care services of the Unified Health System, from the individual databases of SISVAN. Data quality was annually assessed using the indicators: coverage, completeness, sex ratio, age distribution, weight and height digit preference, implausible z-score values, standard deviation, and normality of z-scores.

Analysis of the elaboration and proposal of a Brazilian intersectoral strategy for the prevention and care of childhood obesity.

The Brazilian Strategy for the Prevention and Care of Childhood Obesity (PROTEJA) aims to implement a set of actions to prevent obesity in Brazil. As such, this qualitative and descriptive documentary study presents the Strategy's stages of the operational design, general proposal, evaluation and monitoring conducted by the Brazilian Ministry of Health's technical coordination. After analyzing the epidemiological data on children and the existing policies aimed at obesity prevention, and reviewing the scientific literature and recommendations, PROTEJA was formulated and approved by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, and 1,320 municipalities committed to implementing 20 essential and 5 complementary actions, from 41, including some structural to improve environments.

Barriers and Facilitators Related to the Adoption of Policies to Reduce Ultra-Processed Foods Consumption: A Scoping Review.

Unlabelled: Cost-effective regulatory and fiscal interventions are recommended to address non-communicable diseases. While some countries are advancing regarding these actions, others have found it difficult to approve them.

Aim: to conduct a scoping review to answer the question "What factors have influenced the adoption of food taxes, front-of-pack labeling and restrictions on marketing to children?".

[Recommendations to strengthen nutritional care in the primary care setting in BrazilRecomendaciones para el fortalecimiento de la atención nutricional en la atención primaria de salud en Brasil].

Objective: To develop recommendations to strengthen nutritional care in the primary health care (PHC) setting in Brazil based on expert consensus.

Method: A descriptive and exploratory study was performed using the Delphi technique. Of 172 invited PHC experts in nutrition, 116 accepted the invitation and 72 participated in the first Delphi round.

Evolution of nutrition actions in primary health care along the 20-year history of the Brazilian National Food and Nutrition Policy.

This study aimed to systematize food and nutrition actions developed in primary health care (PHC) from 1999 to 2019, identifying advances in this period and current perspectives. This is a qualitative study that analyzed documents published between 1999 and 2020, available in scientific databases and in the gray literature. In addition, a quantitative analysis was conducted using information systems from the Brazilian Ministry of Health, such as the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System and the Health Information System for Primary Care, and microdata from the Program for Improving Access and Quality of Primary Health Care (PMAQ-AB).

[Feeding and nutrition efforts in the context of primary healthcare in BrazilMedidas relativas a la alimentación y la nutrición en la atención primaria de salud en Brasil].

In Brazil, the promotion, protection, and recovery of health are among the initiatives provided by the public and universal Unified Health System (SUS). The primary healthcare level (PHC), the preferred point of access to the system, plays the role of coordinating and ordinating health care services and actions in the network. In the context of PHC, feeding and nutrition efforts must be aligned with National Feeding and Nutrition Policy (PNAN) guidelines and may be supported by feeding and nutritional surveillance actions.

Breastfeeding reduces ultra-processed foods and sweetened beverages consumption among children under two years old.

Background: Breastfeeding and adequate complementary feeding are associated with healthy eating habits, prevention of nutritional deficiencies, obesity and non-communicable diseases. Our aim was to identify feeding practices and to evaluate the association between breastmilk intake and complementary feeding, focusing on ultra-processed foods (UPF) and sweetened beverages, among children under 2 years old.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study including 847 children from 20 Primary Health Units.

[Food guides: a strategy to reduce the consumption of ultra-processed foods and prevent obesityGuías alimentarias: estrategia para reducir el consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados y prevenir la obesidad].

Obesity is a serious public health problem whose increase has been associated with the growing consumption of ultra-processed foods in several world regions, including Latin America. Food guides are official guidelines used to promote healthy eating habits and may serve as a tool to prevent obesity. Brazil was the first country to adopt the level of processing to categorize food items and make recommendations based on these categories in its food guides.

[Intersectoral approach to obesity prevention and control: the Brazilian experience from 2014 to 2018Enfoque intersectorial para la prevención y el control de la obesidad: la experiencia de Brasil en el período 2014-2018].

The present article aims to describe and discuss the actions implemented from 2014 to 2018 at the federal level in the context of the Intersectoral Strategy to Prevent and Control Obesity issued by the Brazilian federal government. The goal of the Intersectoral Strategy is to prevent and control obesity based on six action plans: 1) availability and access to adequate and healthy foods; 2) education, communication, and information; 3) promotion of healthy lifestyles in specific environments/territories; 4) food and nutrition surveillance; 5) comprehensive care for individuals presenting obesity in the health care network; and 6) regulation and control of the quality and harmlessness of food. To gather information, semi-structured questionnaires were submitted to representatives from the ministries of Education, Health, Planning, Citizenship, and Agrarian Development.

Breastfeeding is associated with children's dietary diversity in Brazil.

The aim of this study was to describe food consumption patterns in Brazilian children aged 6-24 months and to assess differences between breastfed children who do not consume non-human milks, breastfed children who consume non-human milks, and non-breastfed children. This study used data from the Brazilian National Demographic and Health Survey (2006). The food consumption patterns of 1,455 children were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire.

Correction: Effect of Providing Multiple Micronutrients in Powder through Primary Healthcare on Anemia in Young Brazilian Children: A Multicentre Pragmatic Controlled Trial.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Effect of Providing Multiple Micronutrients in Powder through Primary Healthcare on Anemia in Young Brazilian Children: A Multicentre Pragmatic Controlled Trial.

Background: Multiple micronutrients in powder (MNP) are recommended by WHO to prevent anemia in young children. However, evidences for its effectiveness in different populations and improvements in other outcomes (e.g.

Household food insecurity, nutritional status and morbidity in Brazilian children.

Objective: To identify the association of household food insecurity (HFI) with anthropometric status, the risk of vitamin A deficiency and anaemia, morbidities such as cough and fever, and hospitalizations for diarrhoea and pneumonia in children under 5 years old.

Design: Cross-sectional study using data from the 2006 Brazilian Demographic and Health Survey. HFI was measured with the Brazilian Food Insecurity Measurement Scale (EBIA).

[Social inequalities influence the quality and diversity of diet in Brazilian children 6 to 36 months of age].

The objective of this study was to assess dietary patterns in Brazilian children and factors associated with better diet. The authors used data for 2,477 children 6 to 36 months of age from the Brazilian National Survey of Demographic and Health in 2006-2007. Diet was assessed and classified using a composite index.

Early cow's milk consumption among Brazilian children: results of a national survey.

Objective: to assess the intake, frequency, and type of milk consumed by Brazilian children younger than 60 months of age.

Methods: this was a cross-sectional study, which used secondary data from the National Demographic and Health Survey of 2006-2007. Data from 4,817 children under the age of 60 months were used.

[Food consumption Brazilian children by 6 to 59 months of age].

The aim of this study was to assess food consumption in Brazilian children 6 to 59 months of age by region of the country and area of residence. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 4,322 children in the National Demographic and Health Survey (2006-2007). The data showed low daily consumption of leafy vegetables (12.

Maternal dietary counseling reduces consumption of energy-dense foods among infants: a randomized controlled trial.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of a dietary counseling in reducing the intake of energy-dense foods by infants.

Design: A randomized controlled trial.

Setting And Participants: São Leopoldo, Brazil.

The impact of systematic dietary counseling during the first year of life on prevalence rates of anemia and iron deficiency at 12-16 months.

Objective: To evaluate the impact that a program based on maternal dietary counseling covering breastfeeding and healthy complementary feeding had on the prevalence of iron deficiency, anemia and iron deficiency anemia in children aged 12 to 16 months.

Methods: Newborn infants were randomized at birth to an intervention or a control group. Mothers in the intervention group received home visits during the children's first year of life on a monthly basis up to 6 months, and at 8, 10 and 12 months.

Relationship between iron deficiency and anemia in children younger than 4 years.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in a cohort of children.

Methods: A cohort study nested in a randomized field trial. Children were recruited at birth at the maternity unit of the only public hospital in the city of São Leopoldo, southern Brazil.

Nutritional errors in the first months of life and their association with asthma and atopy in preschool children.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of exclusive breastfeeding and introduction of cow's milk in the first year of life on the diagnosis of asthma, wheezing, and atopy in children aged 3 to 4 years.

Methods: This is a cohort study nested in a randomized field trial investigating the effectiveness of dietary guidelines during the first year of life of children in the city of São Leopoldo, southern Brazil. Children who had their diet monitored during the first year of life, in a primary study, were revisited three years later, when their parents answered a questionnaire related to respiratory problems, applied during home visits by trained interviewers.

Effectiveness of a nutrition program in reducing symptoms of respiratory morbidity in children: a randomized field trial.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of home visits advising mothers about breast feeding and weaning in reducing symptoms of respiratory morbidity at the age of 12 months.

Methods: A randomized field trial was conducted with mothers who gave birth within the public health system in the Brazilian city of Sao Leopoldo (2001/2002). The intervention group received dietary advice during the first year based on a Brazilian national health policy for primary care, which is based on WHO guidelines.

Some risk factors associated with overweight, stunting and wasting among children under 5 years old.

Objective: To explore whether socioeconomic and sanitary conditions, maternal and child factors are associated with overweight, stunting, and wasting in children under five year old in the city of São Leopoldo, southern Brazil.

Methods: Cross-sectional study of 3,957 children aged 1 month to 5 years conducted in all primary care services of the city during the National Children's Vaccination Day in 2002. Maternal and child factors were assessed by a questionnaire.