Early Barriers to Career Progression of Women in Surgery and Solutions to Improve Them: A Systematic Scoping Review.

Objective: This study aims to summarize the evidence concerning the barriers that exist to the career progression of women in surgery and to provide potential solutions to overcome these obstacles.

Background: Visible and invisible impediments can hinder female doctors' pursuit of a surgical career, from choosing a surgical specialty to training opportunities and all the way through career progression.

Methods: Database search of original studies about barriers for female surgeons during choice of surgical career, residency, and career progression.

Women surgeons: How can we shape the future of new leaders? A celebration of the past with a glimpse of the future.

Background: Sporadic women involvement in surgery has been recorded since ancient times. Nevertheless, the presence of women in surgical disciplines has been marginal until the last 2 decades, with several barriers still existing worldwide. The aim of the study was to explore the history of women in surgery, with a main focus in North America from until the foundation women surgical societies.

Discrimination Toward Women in Surgery: A Systematic Scoping Review.

Background: Over the past twenty years explicit gender bias toward women in surgery has been replaced by more subtle barriers, which represent indirect forms of discrimination and prevents equality.

Objective: The aim of our scoping review is to summarize the different forms of discrimination toward women in surgery.

Methods: The database search consisted of original studies regarding discrimination toward female surgeons.

DNA-array of gene variants in venous leg ulcers: detection of prognostic indicators.

Objective: Wound healing in venous leg ulcer (VLU) is a multi-step process involving complex pathways. Scanty knowledge at molecular level hinders clinical assessment and treatment. Anomalous handling of local iron overload, as well as unbalancing in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and transglutaminase, has a recognized role in VLU establishment.

Venous collateral circulation of the extracranial cerebrospinal outflow routes.

A new nosologic vascular pattern that is defined by chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) has been strongly associated with multiple sclerosis. The picture is characterized by significant obstacles of the main extracranial cerebrospinal veins, the jugular and the azygous system, and by the opening of substitute circles. The significance of collateral circle is still neglected.

The value of cerebral Doppler venous haemodynamics in the assessment of multiple sclerosis.

Iron stores in the white and deep grey matter in course of multiple sclerosis (MS) have never been explained and could be related to abnormalities in venous drainage, but this possibility has never before been investigated. From an initial cohort of 320 subjects, after application of exclusion criteria, we selected 109 patients affected by MS, and 177 controls respectively composed by age- and sex-matched, healthy aged, and patients affected by other neurological diseases. They blindly underwent transcranial and extracranial Color-Doppler sonographic examination (TCCS-ECD), aimed at investigating five parameters related to normal cerebral venous outflow haemodynamics.

Intracranial venous haemodynamics in multiple sclerosis.

In multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques are known to be venocentric; in addition, MS lesions and peripheral venous disorders share a number of key features. To date, however, despite the anatomical relationship between MS lesions and the venous system, no information on the intracranial venous haemodynamics of MS is available. Eighty-nine consecutive MS patients (58 relapsing-remitting, 31 secondary progressive) matched with 60 controls underwent transcranial color-coded duplex sonography (TCCS).

Prognostic role of factor XIII gene variants in nonhealing venous leg ulcers.

Objective: Many factors impair healing of chronic venous ulcer (CVU), and many theories have been proposed to explain their pathogenesis. Coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) influences tissue regeneration and angiogenesis with effects on wound healing. Because FXIII properties depend upon its genetic variants, we investigated whether intragene polymorphisms may have modulating effects on the CVU area.