Revisiting the Development of Vaccines Against Pathogenic : Innovative Approaches, Present Challenges, and Future Perspectives.

Human vaccination against leptospirosis has been relatively unsuccessful in clinical applications despite an expressive amount of vaccine candidates has been tested over years of research. Pathogenic encompass a great number of serovars, most of which do not cross-react, and there has been a lack of genetic tools for many years. These obstacles have hampered the understanding of the bacteria's biology and, consequently, the identification of an effective antigen.

Robust Immune Response Induced by TSP-2 Antigen Coupled to Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles.

Purpose: The use of adjuvants can significantly strengthen a vaccine's efficacy. We sought to explore the immunization efficacy of bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) displaying the antigen, SmTSP-2, through a biotin-rhizavidin coupling approach. The rationale is to exploit the nanoparticulate structure and the adjuvant properties of OMVs to induce a robust antigen-specific immune response, in light of developing new vaccines against

Materials And Methods: OMVs were obtained from and conjugated with biotin.

Strategies for the Production of Soluble Interferon-Alpha and Potential Application in Arboviruses and SARS-CoV-2.

Biopharmaceutical production is currently a multibillion-dollar industry with high growth perspectives. The research and development of biologically sourced pharmaceuticals are extremely important and a reality in our current healthcare system. Interferon alpha consensus (cIFN) is a non-natural synthetic antiviral molecule that comprises all the most prevalent amino acids of IFN-α into one consensus protein sequence.

Development of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (nartograstim) production process in Escherichia coli compatible with industrial scale and with no antibiotics in the culture medium.

The granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a hematopoietic cytokine that has important clinical applications for treating neutropenia. Nartograstim is a recombinant variant of human G-CSF. Nartograstim has been produced in Escherichia coli as inclusion bodies (IB) and presents higher stability and biological activity than the wild type of human G-CSF because of its mutations.

Analysis of Genetic VapC Profiles from the Toxin-Antitoxin Type II VapBC Modules among Pathogenic, Intermediate, and Non-Pathogenic .

Pathogenic spp. is the etiological agent of leptospirosis. The high diversity among species provides an array to look for important mediators involved in pathogenesis.

Conjugation of PspA4Pro with Capsular Streptococcus pneumoniae Polysaccharide Serotype 14 Does Not Reduce the Induction of Cross-Reactive Antibodies.

Current pneumococcal vaccines are composed of bacterial polysaccharides as antigens, plain or conjugated to carrier proteins. While efficacious against vaccine serotypes, epidemiologic data show an increasing incidence of infections caused by nonvaccine serotypes of The use of pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) as a carrier protein in a conjugate vaccine could help prevent serotype replacement by increasing vaccine coverage and reducing selective pressure of serotypes. PspA is present in all pneumococcal strains, is highly immunogenic, and is known to induce protective antibodies.

Identification of glycosylated regions in pneumococcal PspA conjugated to serotype 6B capsular polysaccharide.

Conjugate vaccines are being widely used since their introduction. Nowadays the interest in these vaccines is still growing and new antigens and conjugate chemistry are being studied and developed. Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is one of the most studied pneumococcal antigens and is an important vaccine candidate.

Conjugation of polysaccharide 6B from Streptococcus pneumoniae with pneumococcal surface protein A: PspA conformation and its effect on the immune response.

Despite the substantial beneficial effects of incorporating the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) into immunization programs, serotype replacement has been observed after its widespread use. As there are many serotypes currently documented, the use of a conjugate vaccine relying on protective pneumococcal proteins as active carriers is a promising alternative to expand PCV coverage. In this study, capsular polysaccharide serotype 6B (PS6B) and recombinant pneumococcal surface protein A (rPspA), a well-known protective antigen from Streptococcus pneumoniae, were covalently attached by two conjugation methods.

Humoral immune response of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: capsular polysaccharide serotype 14-Lysine modified PspA.

Polysaccharide-protein conjugates are so far the current antigens used for pneumococcal vaccines for children under 2 years of age. In this study, pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) was used as a carrier protein for pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide serotype 14 as an alternative to broaden the vaccine coverage. PspA was modified by reductive amination with formaldehyde in order to improve the specificity of the reaction between protein and polysaccharide, inhibiting polymerization and the gel formation reaction.