A single polyploidization event at the origin of the tetraploid genome of Coffea arabica is responsible for the extremely low genetic variation in wild and cultivated germplasm.

The genome of the allotetraploid species Coffea arabica L. was sequenced to assemble independently the two component subgenomes (putatively deriving from C. canephora and C.

The coffee genome provides insight into the convergent evolution of caffeine biosynthesis.

Coffee is a valuable beverage crop due to its characteristic flavor, aroma, and the stimulating effects of caffeine. We generated a high-quality draft genome of the species Coffea canephora, which displays a conserved chromosomal gene order among asterid angiosperms. Although it shows no sign of the whole-genome triplication identified in Solanaceae species such as tomato, the genome includes several species-specific gene family expansions, among them N-methyltransferases (NMTs) involved in caffeine production, defense-related genes, and alkaloid and flavonoid enzymes involved in secondary compound synthesis.

Functional characterization of three Coffea arabica L. monoterpene synthases: insights into the enzymatic machinery of coffee aroma.

The chemical composition of the coffee beverage is extremely complex, being made up of hundreds of volatile and non-volatile compounds, many of which are generated in the thermal reactions that occur during the roasting process. However, in the raw coffee bean there are also compounds that survive roasting and are therefore extracted into the beverage. Monoterpenes are an example of this category, as their presence has been reported in the coffee flower, fruit, seed, roasted bean and in the beverage aroma.

Differential responses of Coffea arabica L. leaves and roots to chemically induced systemic acquired resistance.

Coffea arabica is susceptible to several pests and diseases, some of which affect the leaves and roots. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is the main defence mechanism activated in plants in response to pathogen attack. Here, we report the effects of benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid-S-methyl ester (BTH), a SAR chemical inducer, on the expression profile of C.

DNA extraction and analysis from processed coffee beans.

The authenticity of coffee is an important issue for both producers and consumers. Premium Arabica material is especially prone to being adulterated, and a number of different techniques have been employed to determine the quality of both roasted and instant coffee. Currently, assessment of coffee authenticity relies on chemical methods which can discriminate between coffee species, but not varieties.

Low variability of the protein species synthesized byDrosophila melanogaster embryos.

Stainable proteins as well as newly synthesized polypeptide chains of proteins extracted fromDrosophila melanogaster embryos were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The following developmental stages were studied: unfertilized eggs, early nuclear multiplication (25 min average age), late nuclear multiplication (105 min), cellular blastoderm (165 min), gastrula (4 h), mesodermal segmentation (6 h) and muscleattachment (8 h). One hundred and fifty stainable spots were present at all developmental stages and were all also synthesized during development, with the exception of 5 unkown proteins and the three yolk proteins.