Treatment of migraine with monoclonal antibodies.

Introduction: In the few last years, a new family of drugs, anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), has been developed for migraine therapy. Anti-CGRP mAbs are highly effective, but the current limited experience with their use and their high-cost warrant establishing certain rules of use.

Areas Covered: The present review provides an overview of the management of migraine patients, especially those who are undergoing treatment with anti-CGRP mAbs.

Metabolic Effects of Aripiprazole and Olanzapine Multiple-Dose Treatment in a Randomised Crossover Clinical Trial in Healthy Volunteers: Association with Pharmacogenetics.

Introduction: Aripiprazole and olanzapine are atypical antipsychotics. Both drugs can induce metabolic changes; however, the metabolic side effects produced by aripiprazole are more benign. The aim of the study was to evaluate if aripiprazole and olanzapine alter prolactin levels, lipid and glucose metabolism and hepatic, haematological, thyroid and renal function.

Randomised multicentre clinical trial to evaluate voriconazole pre-emptive genotyping strategy in patients with risk of aspergillosis: vorigenipharm study protocol.

Introduction: Invasive aspergillosis is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with haematological diseases. At present, voriconazole is the first-line treatment for invasive fungal disease. The pharmacokinetic interindividual variability of voriconazole depends on genetic factors.

Safety and cardiovascular effects of multiple-dose administration of aripiprazole and olanzapine in a randomised clinical trial.

Objective: To assess adverse events (AEs) and safety of aripiprazole (ARI) and olanzapine (OLA) treatment.

Methods: Twenty-four healthy volunteers receiving five daily oral doses of 10 mg ARI and 5 mg OLA in a crossover clinical trial were genotyped for 46 polymorphisms in 14 genes by qPCR. Drug plasma concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

Evaluation of Voriconazole CYP2C19 Phenotype-Guided Dose Adjustments by Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling.

Background And Objectives: Controversy exists regarding dose adjustment in patients treated with voriconazole due to the severity of the infections for which it is prescribed. The Dutch Pharmacogenetics Working Group (DPWG) recommends a 50% dose increase or decrease for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 ultrarapid (UM) or poor (PM) metabolizers, respectively. In contrast, for the previous phenotypes, the Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) voriconazole guideline only recommends a change of treatment.

Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of omeprazole, pantoprazole and rabeprazole.

Background: The pharmacokinetics of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) may be affected by food intake. We aimed to evaluate the effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of omeprazole, rabeprazole, and pantoprazole.

Setting: The study population comprised 186 healthy volunteers participating in 6 bioequivalence clinical trials.

Effect of Sex, Use of Pantoprazole and Polymorphisms in SLC22A1, ABCB1, CES1, CYP3A5 and CYP2D6 on the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Dabigatran.

Introduction: Dabigatran is a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) used for the treatment of several thrombotic conditions. To date, very few pharmacogenetic studies on dabigatran were published. We aimed to investigate the influence of 59 polymorphisms in 15 genes (including CES1, UGT and CYP that encode enzymes and ABCB1 and SLC that encode transporters), concomitant treatment with pantoprazole and demographic characteristics (including sex or race) on dabigatran pharmacokinetics and safety.

Involvement of CYP2D6 and CYP2B6 on tramadol pharmacokinetics.

This study included 24 healthy volunteers who received a single 37.5 mg oral dose of tramadol. We analyzed 18 polymorphisms within , , , , and genes by quantitative PCR, to study whether these polymorphisms affect its pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety.

Urgent Hospital Admissions Caused by Adverse Drug Reactions and Medication Errors-A Population-Based Study in Spain.

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADR) are a public health issue, due to their great impact on morbidity, mortality, and economic cost.

Objective: We aimed to study the percentage of patients admitted urgently as a result of an ADR, considered serious adverse event, or medication error. Also, we intended to identify possible risk factors which would lead to improvements in the prescription and use of medications.

Effect of the Most Relevant CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 Polymorphisms on the Pharmacokinetic Parameters of 10 CYP3A Substrates.

Several cytochrome P450 (CYP) CYP3A polymorphisms were associated with reduced enzyme function. We aimed to evaluate the influence of these alleles on the pharmacokinetic parameters (PK) of several CYP3A substrates. We included 251 healthy volunteers who received a single dose of ambrisentan, atorvastatin, imatinib, aripiprazole, fentanyl, amlodipine, donepezil, olanzapine, fesoterodine, or quetiapine.

The effects of aripiprazole and olanzapine on pupillary light reflex and its relationship with pharmacogenetics in a randomized multiple-dose trial.

Aims: Pupillography is a noninvasive and cost-effective method to determine autonomic nerve activity. Genetic variants in cytochrome P450 (CYP), dopamine receptor (DRD2, DRD3), serotonin receptor (HTR2A, HTR2C) and ATP-binding cassette subfamily B (ABCB1) genes, among others, were previously associated with the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antipsychotic drugs. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of aripiprazole and olanzapine on pupillary light reflex related to pharmacogenetics.

Utility of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Imatinib, Nilotinib, and Dasatinib in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Purpose: This study examined the utility of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of imatinib, nilotinib, and dasatinib in adult patients with chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). TDM in CML entails the measurement of plasma tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) concentration to predict efficacy and tolerability outcomes and to aid in clinical decision making. TDM was to be deemed useful if it could be used for predicting the effectiveness of a drug and/or the occurrence of adverse reactions.

Influence of CYP2B6 activity score on the pharmacokinetics and safety of single dose efavirenz in healthy volunteers.

Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used as first-line therapy for the treatment of HIV infection. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) CYP2B6 G516T (rs3745274) is a well-known predictor of efavirenz disposition. Dose adjustment based on G516T variant has been shown to be beneficial.

Polymorphisms in CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and ABCB1 affect agomelatine pharmacokinetics.

Background: Agomelatine is an agonist of the melatoninergic receptors used for the treatment of depression. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of genetic polymorphisms in metabolising enzymes and the P-glycoprotein transporter on agomelatine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

Methods: Twenty-eight healthy volunteers receiving a single 25 mg oral dose of agomelatine, were genotyped for nine polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 enzymes ( CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19) and adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 ( ABCB1), by real-time polymerase chain reaction .

Polymorphisms associated with fentanyl pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and adverse effects.

Fentanyl is an agonist of the μ-opioid receptor commonly used in the treatment of moderate-severe pain. In order to study whether pharmacogenetics explains some of the variability in the response to fentanyl, several genes related to fentanyl receptors, transporters and metabolic enzymes have been analysed. Thirty-five healthy volunteers (19 men and 16 women) receiving a single 300 μg oral dose of fentanyl were genotyped for 9 polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes (CYP3A4 and CYP3A5), ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1), opioid receptor mu 1 (OPRM1), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and adrenoceptor beta 2 (ADRB2) by real-time PCR.

Effect of ABCB1 C3435T Polymorphism on Pharmacokinetics of Antipsychotics and Antidepressants.

P-glycoprotein, encoded by ABCB1, is an ATP-dependent drug efflux pump which exports substances outside the cell. Some studies described connections between C3435T polymorphism T allele and lower P-glycoprotein expression; therefore, homozygous T/T could show higher plasma levels. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of C3435T on pharmacokinetics of 4 antipsychotics (olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone and aripiprazole) and 4 antidepressants (trazodone, sertraline, agomelatine and citalopram).

Wastewater treatment from biodiesel production via a coupled photo-Fenton-aerobic sequential batch reactor (SBR) system.

A coupled system of the photo-Fenton advanced oxidation technique and an aerobic sequential batch reactor (SBR) was used to treat wastewater from biodiesel production using either palm or castor oil. The photo-Fenton reaction and biological process were evaluated individually and were effective at treating the wastewater; nevertheless, each process required longer degradation times for the wastewater pollutants compared with the coupled system. The proposed coupled photo-Fenton/aerobic SBR system obtained a 90% reduction of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in half of the time required for the biological system individually.