Conformation of the anterior segment in human myopia.

Purpose: Topography of the in vivo anterior segment is of relevance in understanding its role in myopia and in the development of ocular surgical procedures. Using 3D magnetic resonance (MR) images of the human eye, regional variations in surface area (SA) and bulbosity of four anterior segment regions were investigated in association with refractive status (Rx), axial length (AL) and total ocular volume (OV).

Methods: T2-weighted ocular MR images from 43 adults aged 18-40 years (mean ± SD; 28.

Communication Skills Training for Nurses and Social Workers: An Initiative to Promote Interdisciplinary Advance Care Planning and Palliative Care in Patients on Dialysis.

Palliative care initiatives are needed in nephrology, yet implementation is lacking. We created a 6-hour workshop to teach the skills of active listening, responding to emotion, and exploring goals and values to nurses and social workers working in dialysis units. The workshop consisted of interactive didactics and structured role play with trained simulated patients.

Neurotrauma admissions and COVID-19: a National Centre experience.

Background: To investigate the impact of COVID-19 on trauma admissions to a National Neurosurgical Centre in Ireland.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database of all trauma admissions to the National Neurosurgical Centre at Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, during the period March 1 to May 31, 2019 and 2020. Primary outcome was 30-day mortality rate.

Transgastric Drainage for Esophageal Injuries: A Dynamic Strategy for a Heterogenous Patient Cohort.

Background: Esophageal injury is a rare but potentially lethal surgical emergency. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality because of mediastinal contamination and difficulty of access. Surgery in such septic patients exacts a heavy physiological price, mandating consideration of more conservative measures.

Acute respiratory distress syndrome in a case of diabetic ketoacidosis requiring ECMO support.

Summary: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a rare but life-threatening complication of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). We present the case of a young female, with no previous diagnosis of diabetes, presenting in DKA complicated by ARDS requiring extra corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) ventilator support. This case report highlights the importance of early recognition of respiratory complications of severe DKA and their appropriate management.

The impact of COVID-19 on trauma referrals to a National Neurosurgical Centre.

Background: To investigate the impact of COVID-19 on trauma referrals to a National Neurosurgical Centre during the first wave of COVID-19 in Ireland.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database of all trauma referrals to the National Neurosurgical Centre at Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, during the period March 1-May 31, 2019 and 2020. Patient characteristics including age, sex, alcohol use, anticoagulant/antiplatelet use and initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) were recorded.

The provision of neuro-oncology and glioma neurosurgery during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: a single national tertiary centre experience.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a significant disruption in the provision of healthcare globally. The aim of this study was to assess the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on the provision of neuro-oncology surgery and comparison with a similar 3-month period in 2019.

Methods: Retrospective review of prospectively curated database of patients requiring neuro-oncology surgery at our tertiary referral centre between 1st March 2020 and 31st May 2020.

In vivo measures of anterior scleral resistance in humans with rebound tonometry.

Purpose: To measure regional variations in anterior scleral resistance (ASR) using a ballistic rebound tonometer (RBT) and examine whether the variations are significantly affected by ethnicity and refractive error (RE).

Methods: ASR was measured using a RBT (iCare TA01) following calibration against the biomechanical properties of agarose biogels. Eight scleral regions (nasal, temporal, superior, inferior, inferior-nasal, inferior-temporal, superior-nasal and superior-temporal) were measured at locations 4mm from the limbus.

The Effects of Severe Myopia on the Properties of Sampling Units in Peripheral Retina.

Significance: Poor peripheral visual acuity in myopia may reflect, in part, photoreceptor misalignment with the exit pupil of the eye. We speculate that if such misalignment causes sufficient visual deprivation and/or disrupts retinal feedback processes, it may influence eye growth itself.

Purpose: It is known that myopic eyes have a reduced peripheral resolution acuity relative to emmetropic eyes, though it remains unclear how mechanical stretching of the retina in myopia impacts on peripheral visual performance.

Determination of retinal surface area.

Previous attempts at determining retinal surface area and surface area of the whole eye have been based upon mathematical calculations derived from retinal photographs, schematic eyes and retinal biopsies of donor eyes. 3-dimensional (3-D) ocular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows a more direct measurement, it can be used to image the eye in vivo, and there is no risk of tissue shrinkage. The primary purpose of this study is to compare, using T2-weighted 3D MRI, retinal surface areas for superior-temporal (ST), inferior-temporal (IT), superior-nasal (SN) and inferior-nasal (IN) retinal quadrants.

Long-term Efficacy of Orthokeratology Contact Lens Wear in Controlling the Progression of Childhood Myopia.

Purpose: The primary outcome of this study is to compare the axial length growth of white European myopic children wearing orthokeratology contact lenses (OK) to a control group (CT) over a 7-year period.

Methods: Subjects 6-12 years of age with myopia -0.75 to -4.

Short-Term and Long-Term Changes in Corneal Power Are Not Correlated With Axial Elongation of the Eye Induced by Orthokeratology in Children.

Purpose: To assess the relationship between short-term and long-term changes in power at different corneal locations relative to the change in central corneal power and the 2-year change in axial elongation relative to baseline in children fitted with orthokeratology contact lenses (OK).

Methods: Thirty-one white European subjects 6 to 12 years of age and with myopia -0.75 to -4.

Short- and Long-Term Changes in Corneal Aberrations and Axial Length Induced by Orthokeratology in Children Are Not Correlated.

Purpose: To assess the correlation between changes in corneal aberrations and the 2-year change in axial length in children fitted with orthokeratology (OK) contact lenses.

Methods: Thirty-one subjects 6 to 12 years of age and with myopia -0.75 to -4.

Global variations and time trends in the prevalence of childhood myopia, a systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis: implications for aetiology and early prevention.

The aim of this review was to quantify the global variation in childhood myopia prevalence over time taking account of demographic and study design factors. A systematic review identified population-based surveys with estimates of childhood myopia prevalence published by February 2015. Multilevel binomial logistic regression of log odds of myopia was used to examine the association with age, gender, urban versus rural setting and survey year, among populations of different ethnic origins, adjusting for study design factors.

Clinical evaluation of the Shin-Nippon SRW-5000 autorefractor in adults: an update.

Purpose: The Shin-Nippon SRW-5000 is an open view autorefractor that superseded the Canon R-1 autorefractor in the mid-1990 s and has been used widely in optometry and vision science laboratories. It has been used to measure refractive error, accommodation responses both statically and dynamically, off-axis refractive error, and adapted to measure pupil size. This paper presents an overview of the original 2001 clinical evaluation of the SRW-5000 in adults (Mallen et al.

The effects of entrance pupil centration and coma aberrations on myopic progression following orthokeratology.

Background: The aim was to assess the potential association between entrance pupil location relative to the coaxially sighted corneal light reflex (CSCLR) and the progression of myopia in children fitted with orthokeratology (OK) contact lenses. Additionally, whether coma aberration induced by decentration of the entrance pupil centre relative to the CSCLR, as well as following OK treatment, is correlated with the progression of myopia, was also investigated.

Methods: Twenty-nine subjects aged six to 12 years and with myopia of -0.

Measurement of Scleral Thickness in Humans Using Anterior Segment Optical Coherent Tomography.

Anterior segment optical coherent tomography (AS-OCT, Visante; Zeiss) is used to examine meridional variation in anterior scleral thickness (AST) and its association with refractive error, ethnicity and gender. Scleral cross-sections of 74 individuals (28 males; 46 females; aged between 18-40 years (27.7±5.

Estimation of ocular volume from axial length.

Background/aims: To determine which biometric parameters provide optimum predictive power for ocular volume.

Methods: Sixty-seven adult subjects were scanned with a Siemens 3-T MRI scanner. Mean spherical error (MSE) (D) was measured with a Shin-Nippon autorefractor and a Zeiss IOLMaster used to measure (mm) axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD) and corneal radius (CR).

Short-term changes in ocular biometry and refraction after discontinuation of long-term orthokeratology.

Objective: To assess refractive and biometric changes 1 week after discontinuation of lens wear in subjects who had been wearing orthokeratology (OK) contact lenses for 2 years.

Methods: Twenty-nine subjects aged 6 to 12 years and with myopia of -0.75 to -4.

Shape of the posterior vitreous chamber in human emmetropia and myopia.

Purpose: To compare posterior vitreous chamber shape in myopia to that in emmetropia.

Methods: Both eyes of 55 adult subjects were studied, 27 with emmetropia (mean spherical error [MSE] ≥ -0.55; <+0.

Factors preventing myopia progression with orthokeratology correction.

Purpose: To examine which baseline measurements constitute predictive factors for axial length growth over 2 years in children wearing orthokeratology contact lenses (OK) and single-vision spectacles (SV).

Methods: Sixty-one children were prospectively assigned to wear either OK (n = 31) or SV (n = 30) for 2 years. The primary outcome measure (dependent variable) was axial length change at 2 years relative to baseline.

Nearwork-induced transient myopia (NITM) in anisometropia.

Objective: To assess the magnitude of nearwork-induced transient myopia (NITM) under binocular viewing conditions separately in each eye of individuals with mild to moderate anisometropia to determine the relationship between NITM and their interocular refractive error.

Methods: Forty-three children and young adults with anisometropia [cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) difference >1.00 D] were tested (ages 9-28 years).

Ocular biometric correlates of ciliary muscle thickness in human myopia.

Purpose: Anterior segment optical coherent tomography (AS-OCT) is used to further examine previous reports that ciliary muscle thickness (CMT) is increased in myopic eyes. With reference to temporal and nasal CMT, interrelationships between biometric and morphological characteristics of anterior and posterior segments are analysed for British-White and British-South-Asian adults with and without myopia.

Methods: Data are presented for the right eyes of 62 subjects (British-White n = 39, British-South-Asian n = 23, aged 18-40 years) with a range of refractive error (mean spherical error (MSE (D)) -1.

Myopia control with orthokeratology contact lenses in Spain: a comparison of vision-related quality-of-life measures between orthokeratology contact lenses and single-vision spectacles.

Purpose: To compare vision-related quality-of-life measures between children wearing orthokeratology (OK) contact lenses and distance single-vision (SV) spectacles.

Methods: Subjects 6 to 12 years of age and with myopia of -0.75 to -4.

Orthokeratology vs. spectacles: adverse events and discontinuations.

Purpose: To assess the relative clinical success of orthokeratology contact lenses (OK) and distance single-vision spectacles (SV) in children in terms of incidences of adverse events and discontinuations over a 2-year period.

Methods: Sixty-one subjects 6 to 12 years of age with myopia of - 0.75 to - 4.