Netarsudil 0.02% Alters Episcleral Venous Flowrates: A Clinical Trial Using Erythrocyte-Mediated Angiography.

Objective: To characterize the effect of netarsudil 0.02% on episcleral blood flow in treatment-naive glaucoma suspect or ocular hypertension subjects.

Design: Prospective, unmasked, single-arm cohort study.

Effect of maternal immunisation with multivalent vaccines containing inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) on infant IPV immune response: A phase 4, multi-centre randomised trial.

Multivalent diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis and inactivated poliovirus vaccine (DTaP/IPV) has been offered to pregnant women in the United Kingdom since 2012. To assess the impact of maternal DTaP/IPV immunisation on the infant immune response to IPV, we measured poliovirus-specific neutralising antibodies at 2, 5 and 13 months of age in a randomised, phase 4 study of Repevax or Boostrix/IPV in pregnancy and in a non-randomised group born to women not given DTaP/IPV in pregnancy. Infants whose mothers received DTaP/IPV were less likely to seroconvert after three IPV doses than those whose mothers did not receive DTaP/IPV.

Early life, life course and gender influences on levels of C-reactive protein among migrant Bangladeshis in the UK.

Background And Objectives: Humans co-evolved with pathogens, especially helminths, that educate the immune system during development and lower inflammatory responses. The absence of such stimuli in industrialized countries is associated with higher baseline levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) among adults who appear at greater risk for inflammatory disorders. This cross-sectional study examined effects of early life development on salivary CRP levels in 452 British-Bangladeshis who spent varying periods growing up in Bangladesh or UK.

Inferring Numbers of Wild Poliovirus Excretors Using Quantitative Environmental Surveillance.

Response to and monitoring of viral outbreaks can be efficiently focused when rapid, quantitative, kinetic information provides the location and the number of infected individuals. Environmental surveillance traditionally provides information on location of populations with contagious, infected individuals since infectious poliovirus is excreted whether infections are asymptomatic or symptomatic. Here, we describe development of rapid (1 week turnaround time, TAT), quantitative RT-PCR of poliovirus RNA extracted directly from concentrated environmental surveillance samples to infer the number of infected individuals excreting poliovirus.

The timing of adrenarche in Maya girls, Merida, Mexico.

Background: Adrenarche involves maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and increased production of dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate ester, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S). It occurs at ages 6 to 8 in industrialized populations, marking the transition from childhood to juvenility and cognitive development at middle childhood. Studies in subsistence level populations indicate a later age (8-9) for adrenarche, but only two such studies currently exist for comparison.

Differences in Antigenic Structure of Inactivated Polio Vaccines Made From Sabin Live-Attenuated and Wild-Type Poliovirus Strains: Impact on Vaccine Potency Assays.

Background: Following the declaration of wild-type 2 poliovirus eradication in 2015, the type 2 component was removed from the live-attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV). This change implies a need to improve global coverage through routine immunization with inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), to ensure type 2 immunity. Several manufacturers use Sabin OPV strains for IPV production (sIPV), rather than the usual wild-type strains used for conventional IPV (cIPV).

Establishment of the 1st WHO International Standard for anti-EV71 serum (Human).

Enterovirus A71 (EV71) is the major causative agent of severe and fatal hand, foot and mouth disease. There is plenty of evidence that EV71 has circulated widely in the Western Pacific Region for the last twenty years. Vaccines against EV71 are already available or under development.

Cold-Adapted Viral Attenuation (CAVA): Highly Temperature Sensitive Polioviruses as Novel Vaccine Strains for a Next Generation Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine.

The poliovirus vaccine field is moving towards novel vaccination strategies. Withdrawal of the Oral Poliovirus Vaccine and implementation of the conventional Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine (cIPV) is imminent. Moreover, replacement of the virulent poliovirus strains currently used for cIPV with attenuated strains is preferred.

A migrant study of pubertal timing and tempo in British-Bangladeshi girls at varying risk for breast cancer.

Introduction: Earlier menarche is related to subsequent breast cancer risk, yet international differences in the age and tempo of other pubertal milestones and their relationships with body mass index (BMI) are not firmly established in populations at differing risk for breast cancer. We compared age and tempo of adrenarche, thelarche, pubarche, and menarche in a migrant study of Bangladeshi girls to the United Kingdom (UK) and assessed whether differences by migration were explained by differences in BMI.

Methods: Included were groups of Bangladeshi (n =168), British-Bangladeshi (n =174) and white British (n =54) girls, aged 5 to 16 years.

Patterns of presentation and clinical features of toxicity after reported use of ([2-aminopropyl]-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans), the 'benzofuran' compounds. A report from the United Kingdom National Poisons Information Service.

Objective: To characterise the patterns of presentation and clinical features of toxicity following reported recreational use of benzofuran compounds ((2-aminopropyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans) in the UK, as reported to the National Poisons Information Service (NPIS), and to compare clinical features of toxicity with those after reported mephedrone use.

Methods: NPIS patient-specific telephone enquiries and user sessions for TOXBASE(®), the NPIS online information database, related to (2-aminopropyl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans and associated synonyms were reviewed from March 2009 to August 2013. These data were compared with those of mephedrone, the recreational substance most frequently reported to NPIS, collected over the same period.

Childhood environment influences adrenarcheal timing among first-generation Bangladeshi migrant girls to the UK.

Background: Adrenarche is a key early life event that marks middle childhood at approximately 7 years of age. Earlier work with British-Bangladeshi migrant women suggested that environmental conditions experienced before adrenarche influence adult reproductive function. We therefore investigated whether Bangladeshi children who migrate to the United Kingdom (UK) reach adrenarche earlier than non-migrants in Bangladesh or the United Kingdom.

Increasing frequency of severe clinical toxicity after use of 2,4-dinitrophenol in the UK: a report from the National Poisons Information Service.

Objective: 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) increases energy consumption by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. Although not licensed as a medicine, it is sometimes used by 'body sculptors' and for weight loss as a 'fat burning' agent. This research was performed to characterise patterns of presentation, clinical features and outcomes of patients reported to the National Poisons Information Service (NPIS) in the UK after exposure to DNP.

Methoxetamine toxicity reported to the National Poisons Information Service: clinical characteristics and patterns of enquiries (including the period of the introduction of the UK's first Temporary Class Drug Order).

Objective: To report the demographic and clinical characteristics of cases of methoxetamine toxicity reported to The National Poisons Information Service (NPIS) by healthcare professionals. To assess the pattern of enquiries from health professionals to the UK NPIS related to methoxetamine, including the period of the making of the UK first Temporary Class Drug Order (TCDO).

Methods: All telephone enquiries to and user sessions for TOXBASE, the NPIS on-line information resource, related to methoxetamine (and synonyms 'MXE', 'mket' and '2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(ethylamino)cyclohexanone') were reviewed from 1 April 2010 to 1 August 2012.

Snakebite enquiries to the UK National Poisons Information Service: 2004-2010.

Objective: To describe trends regarding snakebite enquiries to the UK National Poisons Information Service (NPIS) from 2004 to 2010.

Methods: The NPIS telephone enquiry database, the UK Poisons Information Database, was interrogated for enquiries to the four NPIS units from 2004 to 2010. Search terms used were 'snake' and 'snakebite'.

Flumazenil use in benzodiazepine overdose in the UK: a retrospective survey of NPIS data.

Objective: Benzodiazepine (BZD) overdose (OD) continues to cause significant morbidity and mortality in the UK. Flumazenil is an effective antidote but there is a risk of seizures, particularly in those who have co-ingested tricyclic antidepressants. A study was undertaken to examine the frequency of use, safety and efficacy of flumazenil in the management of BZD OD in the UK.

Hip resurfacing through a modified anterolateral approach, as compared with the Ganz trochanteric flip osteotomy: a two year follow-up study.

Hip resurfacing arthroplasty has conventionally been undertaken through the posterior approach. There has been evidence in the recently published literature to suggest that the posterior approach may compromise the blood supply to the femoral head, by disruption of the posterolateral hip capsule. Ganz et al have proposed the trochanteric 'flip' osteotomy through a lateral approach, to permit surgical dislocation of the hip without damaging the blood supply.

Children's food preferences: effects of weight status, food type, branding and television food advertisements (commercials).

OBJECTIVE. To investigate the effects of weight status, food type and exposure to food and non-food advertisements on children's preference for branded and non-branded foods. DESIGN.

Cyproheptadine resembles clozapine in vivo following both acute and chronic administration in rats.

Cyproheptadine is a cheap, widely available anti-allergy drug with a broad receptor binding profile which resembles that of clozapine. In rats discriminating clozapine from vehicle cyproheptadine mimicked clozapine very closely. Acutely it induced full generalization in the absence of response suppression, as observed with clozapine.

The pharmacology of human appetite expression.

The discovery of the adiposity signal leptin a decade ago revolutionised our understanding of the hypothalamic mechanisms underpinning the central control of ingestive behaviour. Subsequently, the structure and function of various hypothalamic peptide systems (Neuropeptide Y (NPY), Orexins, Melanocortins, Cocaine and Amphetamine Regulating Transcript (CART), Galanin/Galanin Like Peptides (GALP) and endocannabinoids) have been characterised in detail in rodent models. The therapeutic benefit of targeting these systems remains to be discovered.