Dopamine control of social novelty preference is constrained by an interpeduncular-tegmentum circuit.

Animals are inherently motivated to explore social novelty cues over familiar ones, resulting in a novelty preference (NP), although the behavioral and circuit bases underlying NP are unclear. Combining calcium and neurotransmitter sensors with fiber photometry and optogenetics in mice, we find that mesolimbic dopamine (DA) neurotransmission is strongly and predominantly activated by social novelty controlling bout length of interaction during NP, a response significantly reduced by familiarity. In contrast, interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) GABAergic neurons that project to the lateral dorsal tegmentum (LDTg) were inhibited by social novelty but activated during terminations with familiar social stimuli.

Incidence and Outcomes of Eye Trauma Associated With Recreative Use of Nonpowder Toy Guns: A 12-Year Retrospective Study.

Purpose: Nonpowder toy guns (NPTGs) are responsible for many ocular traumas. This study aims to detail the outcomes of these injuries depending on the causative NPTG.

Design: Retrospective, observational case series.

Specificities of pediatric ocular emergencies before and during the COVID-19 era: A retrospective comparative study in an eye-related emergency department in Paris.

Introduction: Epidemiological data on the use of eye-related emergency services by children are limited. The objective of this study was to determine how COVID-19 affected the epidemiological trends of pediatric ocular emergencies.

Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of children under the age of 18 years who visited our eye-related emergency department between March 17 and June 7, 2020 and between March 18 and June 9, 2019.

Modulation of neuronal excitability by binge alcohol drinking.

Drug use poses a serious threat to health systems throughout the world. The number of consumers rises every year being alcohol the drug of abuse most consumed causing 3 million deaths (5.3% of all deaths) worldwide and 132.

First implication of MIP in bilateral microphthalmia with persistent fetal vasculature.

Persistent fetal vasculature (PFV) is a rare malformative ocular disorder resulting from the failure of the hyaloid vasculature to regress. The severity of the visual impairment is depending on the underlying eye defects, ranging from discreet hyaloid remnants to severe ocular anomalies. Although PFV is generally unilateral, sporadic and idiopathic, a genetic cause has been described in some individuals, especially those presenting with a bilateral and/or syndromic form of PFV.

SYMPTOMATIC EARLY-ONSET X-LINKED RETINOSCHISIS: Clinical Presentation and Outcomes.

Purpose: To describe clinical characteristics and outcomes of children with early-onset X-linked retinoschisis.

Methods: In this retrospective consecutive case series, we included children diagnosed with symptomatic X-linked retinoschisis younger than 2 years. Presenting signs, clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes were recorded.

Presynaptic Gq-coupled receptors drive biphasic dopamine transporter trafficking that modulates dopamine clearance and motor function.

Extracellular dopamine (DA) levels are constrained by the presynaptic DA transporter (DAT), a major psychostimulant target. Despite its necessity for DA neurotransmission, DAT regulation in situ is poorly understood, and it is unknown whether regulated DAT trafficking impacts dopaminergic signaling and/or behaviors. Leveraging chemogenetics and conditional gene silencing, we found that activating presynaptic Gq-coupled receptors, either hM3Dq or mGlu5, drove rapid biphasic DAT membrane trafficking in ex vivo striatal slices, with region-specific differences between ventral and dorsal striata.

Binge alcohol drinking alters the differential control of cholinergic interneurons over nucleus accumbens D1 and D2 medium spiny neurons.

Animals studies support the notion that striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) play a central role in basal ganglia function by regulating associative learning, reward processing, and motor control. In the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a brain region that mediates rewarding properties of substance abuse, acetylcholine regulates glutamatergic, dopaminergic, and GABAergic neurotransmission in naïve mice. However, it is unclear how ChIs orchestrate the control of these neurotransmitters/modulators to determine the synaptic excitability of medium spiny neurons (MSNs), the only projecting neurons that translate accumbens electrical activity into behavior.

Prospective cholestanol screening of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis among patients with juvenile-onset unexplained bilateral cataracts.

Background: Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare genetic disorder related to CYP27A1 biallelic mutations, leading to decreased synthesis of bile acids and increased cholestanol. Juvenile bilateral cataracts are one of the most common findings in the disease, frequently occurring before the onset of neurological manifestations. While early treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid can prevent the onset of neurological impairment, poor awareness of CTX accounts for a markedly delayed diagnosis.

Predictive factors of graft detachment and rebubbling after descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty.

Purpose: To identify risk and predictive factors associated with the need of rebubbling in the eye of patients who underwent a descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK).

Methods: The records of patients who underwent DMEK were retrospectively analyzed. Data regarding comorbidities, intraoperative characteristics, and postoperative treatments or complications were collected.

Coats disease in female population: A comparison of clinical presentation and outcomes.

Purpose: To compare clinical characteristics at presentation and outcomes of Coats disease between females and males.

Methods: In this retrospective, consecutive case series we included all children diagnosed with Coats disease in a single tertiary referral center. Initial clinical presentation, treatment and outcomes were collected.

EPHA2 biallelic disruption causes syndromic complex microphthalmia with iris hypoplasia.

Disruption of any of the ocular development steps can result in ocular defects such as microphthalmia, coloboma and anterior segment dysgeneses including aniridia and cataract. All of these anomalies can be isolated or seen in association with each other. Except for aniridia (almost exclusively due to PAX6 mutations), most of these congenital ocular malformations are related to a wide genetic heterogeneity, as hundreds of genes are implied in ocular development.

Clinical course and treatment of archipelago keratitis: a keratitis subtype.

Purpose: Archipelago keratitis (ApK) is a subtype of stromal keratitis that consists of subepithelial nummular inflammatory infiltrates arranged in a radial centripetal pattern. This rare and poorly described form is not often recognised early. We report the first large series of ApK, with an analysis of clinical settings at presentation, evolution of the disease with time and a description of factors associated with recurrence.

A detailed workflow to develop QIIME2-formatted reference databases for taxonomic analysis of DNA metabarcoding data.

Background: The DNA metabarcoding approach has become one of the most used techniques to study the taxa composition of various sample types. To deal with the high amount of data generated by the high-throughput sequencing process, a bioinformatics workflow is required and the QIIME2 platform has emerged as one of the most reliable and commonly used. However, only some pre-formatted reference databases dedicated to a few barcode sequences are available to assign taxonomy.

Retinal atrophy and markers of systemic and cerebrovascular severity in homozygous sickle cell disease.

Introduction: While paramacular retinal atrophy (PRA) is known to be found in 48% of eyes of adults and 42% of eyes of children with homozygous SCD (SS-SCD), the aim of this study is to assess the association between PRA and red blood cell (RBC) deformability, hematological markers and brain imaging abnormalities in SS-SCD.

Methods: This study is a subset of , a prospective observational study performed between August 2015 and August 2016. Children (5-17 years) with SS-SCD and no history of large vessel vasculopathy, were included.

Treatment outside the Recommended Guidelines for Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP): Prevalence, Characteristics, and Issues.

This study aims to assess the prevalence and characteristics of preterm infants with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) treated outside the recommended guidelines. In this retrospective monocentric cohort, we included all premature children treated in our department for ROP by laser photoablation or anti-VEGF intravitreal injection. The main outcome was treatment of both eyes for ROP less severe than pre-threshold type 1, treated outside ETROP guidelines.

Binge Alcohol Drinking Alters Synaptic Processing of Executive and Emotional Information in Core Nucleus Accumbens Medium Spiny Neurons.

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a forebrain region mediating the positive-reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse, including alcohol. It receives glutamatergic projections from multiple forebrain and limbic regions such as the prefrontal cortex (PFCx) and basolateral amygdala (BLA), respectively. However, it is unknown how NAc medium spiny neurons (MSNs) integrate PFCx and BLA inputs, and how this integration is affected by alcohol exposure.

Cystoid macular oedema after descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty.

Aims: To determine the incidence and risk factors of cystoid macular oedema (CMO) following descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) with or without combined cataract surgery (triple-DMEK).

Methods: We reviewed the records of patients who underwent DMEK surgery alone or triple-DMEK performed at the Rothschild Foundation Hospital (Paris, France) between January 2019 and March 2020. Patients with pre-existing CMO observed on the preoperative macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) were excluded.

Pediatric endophthalmitis: clinical profile, outcomes, and a proposed protocol.

Purpose: To investigate the clinical profile and visual outcomes of infectious endophthalmitis in children at a single tertiary hospital in France, and propose an evidence-based protocol for management.

Methods: This is a retrospective monocentric study that involved children with a history of endophthalmitis between January 2008 and January 2020. The clinical characteristics, etiology, microbiological spectrum from aqueous/vitreous tab, anatomical and visual outcomes, and management were analyzed.